Table III.
Patient, injury, and management factors associated with failure to return to work on bivariate analysis (n = 177); all variables were analyzed, only data for selected variables (significant relationships, management, complications, union outcome) are shown.
| Factor | Returned to work (n = 151) | Did not return (n = 26) | OR (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, n (%) | 2.47 (1.01 to 6.02) | 0.042* | ||
| Male | 79 (52.3) | 8 (30.8) | ||
| Female | 72 (47.7) | 18 (69.2) | ||
| Pre-injury work type, n (%) | 0.004* | |||
| Sedentary | 56 (37.1) | 3 (11.5) | ||
| Light manual | 31 (20.5) | 3 (11.5) | ||
| Moderate manual | 36 (23.8) | 8 (30.8) | ||
| Heavy manual | 17 (11.3) | 5 (19.2) | ||
| Other | 11 (7.3) | 7 (26.9) | ||
| Side of injury, n (%) | 2.82 (1.16 to 6.89) | 0.019* | ||
| Left | 84 (55.6) | 8 (30.8) | ||
| Right | 67 (44.4) | 18 (69.2) | ||
| Side of injury, n (%) | 2.40 (1.01 to 5.74) | 0.044* | ||
| Non-dominant | 84 (55.6) | 9 (34.6) | ||
| Dominant | 66 (43.7) | 17 (65.4) | ||
| Unknown | 1 (0.7) | 0 | ||
| Fracture location, n (%) | 0.005* | |||
| Proximal | 31 (20.5) | 13 (50.0) | ||
| Middle | 76 (50.3) | 9 (34.6) | ||
| Distal (reference) | 44 (29.1) | 4 (15.4) | ||
| Primary management, n (%) | 2.41 (0.79 to 7.39) | 0.157† | ||
| Operative | 46 (30.5) | 4 (15.4) | ||
| Nonoperative | 105 (69.5) | 22 (84.6) | ||
| Treatment complications, n (%) | 0.73 (0.24 to 2.29) | 0.789† | ||
| No | 121 (80.1) | 22 (84.6) | ||
| Yes | 30 (19.9) | 4 (15.4) | ||
| Initial union outcome, n (%) | 2.47 (0.96 to 6.36) | 0.054* | ||
| Union | 128 (84.8) | 18 (69.2) | ||
| Nonunion | 23 (15.2) | 8 (30.8) | ||
| Underwent nonunion surgery, n (%) | 2.16 (0.81 to 5.74) | 0.116* | ||
| No | 129 (85.4) | 19 (73.1) | ||
| Yes | 22 (14.6) | 7 (26.9) | ||
| Final union outcome, n (%) | 6.21 (0.84 to 46.2) | 0.103† | ||
| Union | 149 (98.7) | 24 (92.3) | ||
| Nonunion | 2 (1.3) | 2 (7.7) |
*
Chi-squared test.
†
Fisher's exact test.
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.