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. 2022 Mar 16;10:823354. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.823354

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Copyright © 2022 Zhu, Hu, Bennett, Xu and Mai.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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HN and its receptors signalling pathways. (A) HN is present intracellularly and regulate apoptotic signalling pathways and cellular activity. HN binds Bcl2-associated X protein (BAX), Bim and Bid and causes their oligomerization. HN binds intracellular IGFBP3 to mediate apoptosis. HN also diminishes intracellular ROS production. (B) Secreted HN binds cell surface receptors and mediates signalling pathways and cytoprotective effect. It also binds soluble extracellular proteins such as VSTM2L and IGFBP3.