Table 1.

Summary of COVID-19-Associated Ischemic Colitis Cases Reported in the Medical Literature.

Patient number	Publication	Age/sex	Preexisting diseases	GI symptoms	Vasopressor requirement	Intravascular thrombi	Diagnostic tests	Treatment	Outcome
1	Lakshmanan and Toubia	72/Male	Multiple comorbidities (details NA)	Diffuse abdominal pain, rectal bleeding	No	NA	CT: thickening of descending and sigmoid colon, mid ascending colon, pneumatosis without portal venous gas	Medical	NA
2	Singh et al	82/Female	HTN, DM	Abdominal distension, tenderness	No	CT angiogram: no evidence of atherosclerosis; pathology: microvascular thrombosis	CT: PI of ascending colon and cecum; intraoperative findings: gangrenous ascending colon, marked distension from cecum to rectosigmoid junction	Surgical ileostomy	Alive
3	Almeida et al	76/Male	HTN	Rectal bleeding	NA	No	Endoscopy: erythema, edema and fragile mucosa; CT: signs of colonic ischemia such as wall thickening, absence of wall enhancement, mesenteric stranding of sigmoid	Medical	Death
4	Almeida et al	68/Male	HTN, DM, dyslipidemia	Abdominal distension, paralytic ileus, signs of peritoneal irritation	NA	No	CT: cecal perforation, pneumatosis of left colon; intraoperative findings: fecaloid peritonitis, gangrenous perforation of cecum, diffuse ischemia of colon	Surgical ileostomy and peritoneal lavage	Death
5	Almeida et al	56/Male	HTN, DM, COPD, dyslipidemia, obesity	Abdominal distension, tenderness, guarding	NA	No	CT: small bowel distension, colonic pneumatics, pneumoperitoneum	Medical	Death
6	Norsa et al	85/Male	NA	Lower GI bleeding	NA	NA	CT and endoscopy: ischemic colitis	NA	Alive
7	Norsa et al	71/Female	NA	Loss of appetite, vomiting, lower GI bleeding	NA	NA	Endoscopy: ischemic colitis	NA	Alive
8	Norsa et al	69/Male	NA	Diarrhea, fever, dyspnea	NA	NA	CT: ischemic colitis (right colon)	NA	Death
9	Norsa et al	63/Male	NA	GI symptom not specified	NA	NA	CT: right and transverse colon ischemia, splenic infarcts	NA	Death
10	Norsa et al	83/Female	NA	Dyspnea, abdominal pain	NA	NA	CT: small bowel and colon ischemia	NA	Death
11	Chan et al	73/Male	HTN, ESRD	Bloody diarrhea	No	NA	CT: mucosal hyperenhancement with mass-like thickening of distal sigmoid colon and regional air within mesenteric vessels concerning for ischemic colitis	Medical	Death
12	González Lázaro et al	53/Male	DM, hypercholesterolemia	Abdominal pain, vomiting	NA	NA	CT: mucosal hypoenhancement of ascending colon concerning for ischemic colitis	Surgical resection of 148 cm of small bowel and 32 cm of right colon and end ileostomy	Alive
13	Paul et al	66/Male	None	Diarrhea, melena	Yes	NA	Endoscopy: multiple ulcerations of sigmoid colon	Medical	Alive
14	Kinjo et al	45/Male	None	Hematochezia	NA	No	CT: thickening of descending colon, engorgement of mesenteric vessels	Medical	Alive
15	Varshney et al	50/Female	HTN, hospitalization for COVID-19 pneumonia 2 weeks prior to current hospitalization	Abdominal pain, constipation	Yes	CT: larger sized arteries were patent with no apparent atherosclerotic disease; pathology: thickened intima with compromised lumen	CT: grossly distended distal segment of descending and sigmoid colon, imperceptible posterior wall of sigmoid possibly due to ruptured diverticulum; intraoperative finding: gangrenous sigmoid, ischemic descending colon with multiple perforations	Surgical drainage of collection, left colectomy, transverse colectomy, and rectal stump closure (Hartmann procedure)	Death
16	Case 1	62/Male	HTN, DM, GERD	Hematochezia	No	No	CT: inflammatory changes extending from rectum to splenic flexure	Medical	Alive
17	Case 2	66/Female	DM, hyperlipidemia	Left lower quadrant pain, hematochezia, nonbloody emesis	No	No	CT: inflammatory changes extending from hepatic flexure to sigmoid	Medical	Alive

Abbreviations: GI, gastrointestinal; NA, not available; CT, computed tomography; HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes; PI, pneumatics intestinalis; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease.