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. 2022 Mar 29;20:78. doi: 10.1186/s12915-022-01268-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2. — Protein signature of testicular extracellular vesicles. A–C Gene Ontology analysis on cellular component (A), biological process (B), and molecular function (C) of proteins identified on/in testicular EVs. The number next to the bar indicates the number of genes that fall in the category with corresponding P value provided in the blanket. D Heat map of genes encoding the proteins identified in the testicular EVs and their corresponding expression in indicated types of testicular cells according to the average expression level of each cell cluster identified by single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of adult mice testes. Cluster 1—somatic cell-enriched; Cluster 2—Leydig cell-enriched; Cluster 3—post-meiotic germ cell-enriched; Cluster 4—spermatocyte-enriched; Cluster 5—Sertoli cell-enriched; Cluster 6—Spermatogonia-enriched; Cluster 7—macrophage-enriched; Cluster 8—germ cell-enriched; Cluster 9—commonly expressed. E Western blot analysis of candidate protein Basigin (BSG) identified in testicular EVs. EV isolated from the epididymis was used as a control. F Representative immunogold staining images of BSG in testicular EVs. Gold particles are marked by arrowhead. Scale bar: 200 nm. Uncropped blots available in Additional file 7: Fig S8