Table 1.

List and description of cephalometric measurements used in this analysis

Linear measurements (mm)	PNS-A, Maxillary length: the distance between PNS and A	Unpaired
	S-N, Anterior cranial fossa length: the distance between S and N	Unpaired
	N-Me, Total anterior facial height: the distance between N and Me	Unpaired
	N-ANS, Upper anterior facial height: the distance between N and ANS	Unpaired
	ANS-Me, Lower anterior facial height: the distance between ANS and Me	Unpaired
	Go L/R-Me, Mandibular body length: the distance between left and right Go and Me	Bilateral
	Go L/R -S, Posterior facial height: the distance between S and left and right Go	Bilateral
	Go L/R-Co L/R, Mandibular ramus height: the distance between left and right Cd and Go	Bilateral
Angular measurements (deg)	SNA, Anteroposterior projection of the maxilla: the angle formed between points S, N, and A	Unpaired
	SNB, Anteroposterior projection of the mandible: the angle formed between points S, N, and B	Unpaired
	ANB, Anteroposterior intermaxillary relationship: the angle formed between points A, N, and B. In 3D analysis, unlike traditional cephalometrics, the difference between SNA and SNB could differ from the value of ANB	Unpaired
	BaŜN, Cranial base angle: the angle between Ba, S, and N	Unpaired
	S-N^PNS-ANS, Craniomaxillary angle: the angle between the floor of the anterior cranial fossa and the palatal plane	Unpaired
	PNS-ANS^Go R/L-Me, Maxillomandibular (intermaxillary) angles: the angles between the palatal and mandibular planes	Bilateral
	S-N^Go R/L-Me, Craniomandibular angle: the angle between the floor of the anterior cranial fossa and the mandibular plane, measuring mandibular divergence	Bilateral