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Schematic illustration of the intracellular signaling cascade by which GLP-1 stimulates insulin release in β cells. AC: adenylate cyclase. Epac: exchange protein directly activated by cAMP. PKA: protein kinase A. KATP: ATP-sensitive K+ channels. VDCC: voltage dependent calcium channels. KV: voltage-dependent K+ channels. PDX-1: pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1. RYR: ryanodine receptor calcium release channels.
