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. 2022 Mar 27;20:159. doi: 10.1186/s12951-022-01337-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Scheme 1. — Schematic illustration of SPION-mediated magnetic actuation promoting nerve regeneration by inducing and maintaining repair-supportive phenotypes in Schwann cells. SPIONs were injected under the epineurium at the distal end of the sciatic nerve crush site, then the sciatic nerve was exposed at the gradient magnetic field (MF). Through interacting with magnetic field, SPIONs produce a magnetic stimulation on Schwann cells, initiating the mechanotransduction process, activating intracellular biochemical signals, inducing and maintaining the repair phenotypes of Schwann cells by regulating the expression of regeneration-related genes, and ultimately promoting sciatic nerve regeneration