. 2022 Mar 30;18:27. doi: 10.1186/s13002-022-00526-8

Table 2.

List of WEFs and their collection seasons, availability, and uses in eastern Bhutan

Family	Botanical names	Local name	Collection number	Number of citations		Collection season	Availability	Consumption mode and other uses	References
Family	Botanical names	Local name	Collection number	Trashigang	Trashiyangtse	Collection season	Availability	Consumption mode and other uses	References
Actinidiaceae	Actinidia callosa Lindl.^a	Zhimpeykotong/Phangkulomsey	KN015	5	0	Oct–Nov	Mo	Fruits are consumed raw on ripe. Stems used for making ropes and seeds for raising rootstock
Anacardiaceae	Rhus chinensis Mill^a	Roptang sey	KN013	10	0	Jul–Aug	Ra	Fruits are consumed raw on ripe. Stems and trunks are used as firewood and fencing poles. To treat snakebite and stomachache	[48]
Anacardiaceae	Mangifera sylvatica Roxb.^b	Amsey	KN014	4	5	Jul–Aug	Mo	Fruits are consumed raw and as pickles	[49]
Anacardiaceae	Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) B.L.Burtt & A.W.Hill^b	Phrumchung sey	KN012	14	0	Jul–Aug	Ra	Fruits consumed raw and as pickle	[49]
Araceae	Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott^b	Bozong	KN016	1	1	Jan–Feb	Ra	Corms are boiled and consumed as snacks, curry, and soup. Leaves used to wrap dairy products and as a plate	[21, 23, 48, 49]
Bignoniaceae	Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz^b	Namkaling	KN020	2	0	Aug–Sep	Ra	Flowers are consumed as a vegetable and used for religious purposes. To treat burns and wounds, relieve cough and gastritis	[48, 49]
Combretaceae	Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.^a	Baru	KN025	1	5	Nov–Feb	Ra	Dried fruits are chewed for medicinal purposes. Fruits used for traditional medicine and religious purpose, used for cough and sore throat, diarrhea, ingestion, asthma, constipation, dye extraction	[21, 23, 49]
Combretaceae	Terminalia chebula Retz.^a	Aru	KN021	1	5	May–June	Ra	Dried fruits are chewed for medicinal purposes. Used for traditional medicine and religious purpose. To treat cough, asthma, diarrhea, and constipation	[23]
Cornaceae	Cornus capitata Wall^c	Maminpa sey/poitse sey	PY001	42	20	Sep–Oct	Mo	Fruits are consumed raw
Cucurbitaceae	Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt^c	Khakhari sey		2	0	June–July	Mo	Fruits are consumed as a vegetable	[21, 48]
Dioscoraceae	Dioscorea bulbifera L.^a	Borang joktang	KN022	19	3	Oct–Nov	Ra	Aerial and underground tubers are consumed by boiling or roasting. Stems are used as rope for fencing	[21]
Ebenaceae	Diospyros lotus L.^b	Amdrebu sey/ gundum	KN024	6	9	Sep–Oct	Mo	Fruits are dried and consumed. Seeds are used to raise rootstock
Elaeagnaceae	Elaeagnus latifolia L.^a	Dangmaling sey	PY002	44	27	Jul–Aug	Ab	Fruits are consumed raw or processed into wine
Elaeocarpaceae	Elaeocarpus lanceifolius Roxb^a	Gashathung sey	KN023	24	10	Jul–Sep	Ra	Fruits are consumed raw as a pickle. The wood is used as a construction material, to make tea boxes and charcoal
Ericaceae	Vaccinium retusum (Griff.) Hook.f. ex C.B.Clarke^a	Shakshingma sey	PY008	35	17	Oct–Nov	Mo	Fruits consumed raw on ripe. Used for religious purposes and to treat a skin problem
Fabaceae	Tamarindus indica L.^a	Tetari	KN026	5	0	Mar–April	Ra	Pods are consumed raw or as pickles used to relieve constipation, as an appetizer, and spice/condiment	[48]
Fabaceae	Castanopsis indica (Roxb. ex Lindl.) A.DC.^c	Tsha tsha sey	KN030	18	9	Oct–Nov	Mo	Nuts are consumed raw, after boiling and roasting. The wood is used as firewood and furniture making
Juglandaceae	Juglans regia L.^c	Khesey	KN027	53	30	Sep–Oct	Ab	Nuts are consumed raw, wood for Furniture, nut cover as a yeast, flowers as tea leaves, and seeds as butter in butter tea	[23]
Lardizabalaceae	Holboellia latifolia Wall.^a	Throkchang sey	KN029	27	9	Nov–Dec	Mo	Fruits consumed raw on ripe. Stems used as a rope for plowing and fencing
Lauraceae	Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.^c	Neng	KN028	22	7	Jul–Aug	Ra	Fruits are consumed as salad, dried, and processed into powder. Used as a spice in the food
Lauraceae	Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob.^a	Kherim sey	PY009	1	4	Sep–Aug	Ra	Consumed as a spice. Used for oil extraction. Used as a cooking oil
Lauraceae	Machilus edulis King ex Hook. f.^b	Goli	PY011	21	13	Sep–Aug	Ra	Fruits are consumed as a substitute for curry with rice. Wood is used for firewood, seeds used to raise rootstock
Lauraceae	Parasassafras confertiflora (Meisn.) D.G.Long^c	Singsi	KN031	16	2	Aug–Sep	Ra	Fruits are used for oil extraction, used as cooking oil, wound treatment, skin lotion
Moraceae	Ficus auriculata Lour.^c	Chongma sey	KN035	32	18	Jul–Aug	Ab	Fruits are consumed raw or as dried fruit. Leaves and stems as fodder, leaves are used to wrap dairy products. The latex used to treat wounds and cuts, roasted fruits for treating diarrhea and dysentery	[21, 23, 49]
Moraceae	Ficus semicordata Buch.Ham. ex Sm.^c	Barchongma sey	KN033	17	21	Jul–Aug	Mo	Fruits are consumed raw on ripe. leaves and stems as fodder, fruit paste for fever and menstrual disorder	[21, 49]
Moraceae	Morus serrata Roxb.^b	Shagongma sey	PY003	6	2	Jul–Aug	Ra	Fruits are consumed raw. leaves used as a fodder
Musaceae	Musa acuminata Colla^b	Laisey	KN032	7	8	June–July	Mo	Fruits are consumed raw and processed into chips. leaves to wrap dairy products, as fodder for cattle
Myricaceae	Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don^a	Tsutsu sey	PY004	50	8	Jul–Aug	Mo	Berries are consumed raw on ripe. Used for cough and cold, leaves as fodder	[21, 49]
Myrsinaceae	Ardisia macrocarpa Wall^a	Thakchung sey	PY005	8	1	Dec–Jan	Ab	Fruits are consumed raw on ripe	[21]
Myrtaceae	Psidium guajava L^b	Bebsey	KN034	7	5	Nov–Dec	Mo	Fruits are consumed raw on ripe. leaves paste for hair growth and dandruff. Leaves are used as a green tea	[49]
Myrtaceae	Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels^a	Mintse	PY006	5	0	Jun–July	Ra	Fruits are consumed raw on ripe. Used as firewood and fodder, to treat diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery	[21, 23, 49]
Nephrolepidaceae	Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C.Presl^a	Ata khaw khaw	KN036	1	0	July–Aug	Ra	Underground nodules are consumed as a refreshment. Used to treat hypertension and diabetes	[21]
Passifloraceae	Passiflora edulis Sims^b	Zargong	KN040	5	0	Aug–Sep	Mo	Fruits are consumed raw on ripe	[48]
Pinaceae	Pinus roxburghii Sarg.^a	Tongphu shing	KN037	1	1	Nov–Dec	Mo	Seeds are consumed raw or after roasting. Wood as a construction material
Punicaceae	Punica granatum L.^b	Tshalem/Thalem	KN038	4	11	April–May	Mo	Fruits are consumed raw on ripe	[23]
Phyllanthaceae	Phyllanthus emblica L.^a	Chorgen sey	KN039	11	25	Dec–Feb	Ab	Fruits are consumed raw or processed into a pickle, dried fruit, and wine. Used to treat hypertension, cough, and cold. Used for traditional medicine and religious purpose	[21, 23, 48, 49]
Rhamnaceae	Zizyphus mauritiana Lam.^a	Khangaring	KN041	9	19	Feb–Mar	Ab	Fruits are consumed raw and processed into pickles and wine. for traditional medicine. Used for cuts and ulcers, ingestion, and fever	[21]
Rosaceae	Chaenomeles lagenaria (Loisel.) Koidz.^b	Khomang	KN042	19	0	Sep–Oct	Mo	Consumed raw or processed into a pickle. Used as a dye. Used for treating cough and cold, to remove the rust
Rosaceae	Docynia indica (Colebr. ex Wall.) Decne.^C	Thungkakpa	PY010	49	37	Nov–Dec	Mo	Fruits are consumed raw, after boiling or roasting, and as dried fruit. Used as an appetizer and to cure diabetes	[49]
Rosaceae	Fragaria nubicola (Lindl. ex Hook.f.) Lacaita^a	Sagong	KN043	34	21	June–July	Ab	Berries are consumed raw and processed into juice
Rosaceae	Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don^c	Letong	KN044	18	15	Oct–Nov	Mo	Fruits are consumed raw, like dried fruit, and processed into wine. Seeds used as a rootstock material	[23]
Rosaceae	Rubus ellipticus Sm.^c	Sergong	PY007	49	40	May–June	Ab	Berries are consumed raw and processed into juice	[21, 23]
Rutaceae	Zanthoxylum armatum DC.^a	Gee	KN045	33	22	Aug–Sep	Mo	Berries are used as a spice. Used to ward off evil spirits	[23]
Rutaceae	Citrus × aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle^b	Kapur	KN050	4	16	Nov–Dec	Ra	Fruits are consumed raw as a salad, processed into a pickle. Used to remove dandruff	[23]
Rutaceae	Citrus medica L.^b	Lumpang	KN048	7	13	Nov–Dec	Mo	Fruits are consumed raw and processed into juice and pickle. Used to relieve pain and inflammation, treat skin disorder and itching	[23]
Rutaceae	Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng.^a	Berkang sey/Lebi sey	KN046	3	6	July–Aug	Mo	Fruits are consumed raw. Used as a condiment in curry	[21, 23, 49]
Rubiaceae	Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng.^a	Ngyerthung sey	KN047	5	2	Nov–Dec	Ra	Fruits are consumed raw on ripe
Sapotaceae	Diploknema butyracea (Roxb.) H.J.Lam^a	Fin sey/Phinlung	KN049	15	7	June–July	Ra	Fruits are consumed raw on ripe. Used for oil extraction. Used as cooking oil, butter lamp, to treat a pimple, boils, burns, headache and rheumatism	[21]
Schisandraceae	Illicium verum Hook.f.^c	Wunba tsinang	KN053	2	0	Sep–Oct	Ra	Seeds are consumed with betel leaf. Used as a spice in tea and curries
Solanaceae	Physalis peruviana L.^c	Pokpokma sey	KN050	2	0	June–July	Ra	Fruits are consumed raw or cooked as a vegetable. To treat diabetes and hypertension
Symplocaceae	Symplocos paniculata Miq.^a	Thulu sey/ Pangtse shing	KN052	1	0	Aug–Sep	Ra	Fruits are consumed raw on ripe. Used for oil extraction which is used as cooking oil. Leaves used as a dye
Thymelaeaceae	Daphne bholua Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don^a	Desho shing	KN051	0	7	May	Ra	Fruits are consumed raw on ripe. The bark is used for making paper and rope

References—commonly listed species in Nepal, India, Laos, and Myanmar

Availability—Ab: Abundant; Mo: Moderate; Ra: Rare

Botanical names—^aforest, ^bField surrounding, ^cBoth