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. 2022 Mar 30;41:116. doi: 10.1186/s13046-022-02306-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Disorders of the SCAP signalling pathway trigger sorafenib resistance in HCC cell lines. Loading LDL (100 ng/ml) and IL-1β (20 ng/ml) for 24 h simulated lipid disorders in HCC patients. The untreated group was defined as the control group. The LDL group was defined as SCAP^low group. The LDL and IL6 group was defined as SCAP^high group. A Cholesterol contents in the SCAP^low and SCAP^high cells (n = 3). B Representative images of each group stained with Oil Red O (n = 3). Bar = 50 μm. C mRNA expression of SCAP and downstream genes (SREBP2, HMGCR, LDLr) as measured by qRT-PCR (n = 3) in the SCAP^low and SCAP^high cells (n = 3). D Immunoblot analysis of SCAP protein expression (n = 3). E The histogram represents the relative expression of SCAP. F The viability of sorafenib-treated cells with the above treatments. G, H Clone assays of cells with the above treatment (n = 3). Scratch-wound cell migration assays (I) and invasion assays (K) of cells with the above treatment (n = 3). Bar = 100 μm. The histogram represents the distance of cell migration (J) and invasion (L) in each group. Knockdown of SCAP in the SCAP^high groups using a reverse siRNA transfection procedure. M The viability of sorafenib-treated vector and SCAP-knockdown cells (n = 3). Scratch-wound cell migration (N) and invasion (P) assays for the vector and SCAP-knockdown cells (n = 3) Bar = 100 μm. The histogram represents the distance of cell migration (O) and invasion (Q) in each group. Data are the mean ± SD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. P values were determined by one-way ANOVA in (A), (D), (F), (G), (I), (K), (L), (N), and (P) and repeated-measures ANOVA in (B)