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The orthodontic force tester used to measure three-dimensional (3D) load systems on the canine and incisor by a T-loop archwire. (A) Orthodontic force tester (OFT). (B) The T-loop archwire ligated to the brackets. The canine and lateral incisor were, respectively, separated from the rest of the typodont and attached to the load cells. The experimental setup allows simulation of the space closure cases.
