TABLE 1.

Preclinical studies of nonhuman cells in rodent models.

Cell Type	Cell Source	Rodent Model	Intervention	Cell Doses (cells)	Results	Ref
ESCs	Mouse ESCs	5–7-week-old Lewis rats	Laminectomy	6 × 104	ESC-derived MNs extend axons into the peripheral nervous system with extensive survival, no neuromuscular junctions were formed	Harper et al. (2004)
ESCs	Mouse ESCs	10-week-old SOD1G93A rats	Laminectomy	1 × 105	Transient improvement of motor function at the early stage	Lopez-Gonzalez et al. (2009)
MSCs	6–8-week-old mouse BMMSCs	90-day-old SOD1G93A mice	Intravenous	1 × 106	Improved survival and motor functions but scantly home to the CNS and poorly engrafted	Uccelli et al. (2012)
MSCs	Rodent BMMSCs	SOD1G93A mice	Intrathecal	1.95 × 106	Decrease motor neuron loss in the lumbar spinal cord, preserving motor functions, and extending the survival of rats	Boucherie et al. (2009)
MSCs	5-week-old rat BMMSCs	SOD1Leu126delTT mice	Intrathecal	4 × 105	Statistically longer disease duration than nontransplanted controls	Morita et al. (2008)
MSCs	16-day-old rat BMMSCs	7-week-old SOD1G93A rats	Intraspinal/intramuscular	1 × 105, 2 × 106	Prolong lifespan and transplanted GFP+ MSCs survived in the spinal cord until the end of the disease and migrated both rostrally and caudally from the injection site	Forostyak et al. (2011)
NSCs	6∼8-week-old mouse NSCs	70-day-old SOD1G93A mice	Laminectomy	2 × 104	Delayed disease onset and progression, longer survival, reduced MN loss at the early stage	Corti et al. (2007)
NSCs	Rat NSCs	14/26-week-old SOD1G93A rats	Intravenous	1 × 107	Higher efficiency of cell delivery in symptomatic ALS than presymptomatic ALS, preferentially differentiate into glia	Mitrecic et al. (2010)
NSCs	Mouse NSCs	63-day-old SOD1G93A mice	Intraspinal (Cervical)	2 × 105	Poor cell survival, transient improve of MN function at the early stages of the disease	Srivastava et al. (2017)
GPCs	Rat/mouse GPCs	90-day-old SOD1G93A rats	Intraspinal	9 × 105	Extended survival and disease duration, attenuated MN loss, and slowed declines in forelimb motor and respiratory physiological function	Lepore et al. (2008)
OECs	Mouse OECs	SOD1Leu126delTT mice	Intrathecal	3–4 × 105	No beneficial effect	Morita et al. (2008)
OECs	Rat OECs	100-day-old SOD1G93A rats	Intraspinal	1 × 105	OECs protect neurons, remyelinate axons, adjust microenvironment	Li et al. (2011)
OECs	Rat OECs	90-day-old SOD1G93A rats	Intracranial	5 × 105	Prolonged survival, improved motor skills	Li et al. (2013)
BMMCs	Mouse BMMCs	11-week-old SOD1G93A mice	Intravenous and intramuscular	N/A	Delayed disease progression, decreased microgliosis in the spinal cord, and protection of neuromuscular junction	Gubert et al. (2019)
BMMCs	Mouse BMMCs	9/14-week-old SOD1G93A mice	Intraspinal	1 × 106	Mild transitory delay in disease progression and no increase in lifespan in the presymptomatic phase, and no difference in lifespan or disease progression in the symptomatic phase	Gubert et al. (2016)
BMMCs	Mouse BMMCs	70/110-day-old SOD1G93A mice	Intravenous	1 × 107	Prolonged survival and delayed disease progression in the presymptomatic phase, and a discrete survival increase without other clinical improvements in the symptomatic phase	Venturin et al. (2016)