Table 1.
Distribution of demographics, lifestyle factors, and GDM history for cases and controls.
| Variables | Cases (n = 64) N (%) |
Controls (n = 237) N (%) |
P-valuec |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | < 0.01 | ||
| < 25 | 18 (28.1) | 134 (56.5) | |
| 25 – 29 | 12 (18.8) | 63 (26.6) | |
| 30 – 34 | 24 (37.5) | 24 (10.1) | |
| ≥ 35 | 10 (15.6) | 16 (6.8) | |
| Race/Ethnicity | < 0.01 | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 16 (25.0) | 70 (29.5) | |
| African American | 6 (9.4) | 79 (33.3) | |
| Hispanic | 40 (62.5) | 70 (29.5) | |
| Other | 2 (3.1) | 18 (7.6) | |
| Educational level | 0.02 | ||
| Less than high school | 32 (50.0) | 73 (30.8) | |
| High school | 18 (28.1) | 89 (37.6) | |
| More than high school | 14 (21.9) | 75 (31.7) | |
| Annual household income | 0.45 | ||
| ≤ $9,999 | 26 (40.6) | 117 (49.4) | |
| $10,000 – $29,999 | 31 (48.4) | 96 (40.5) | |
| ≥ $30,000 | 7 (10.9) | 24 (10.1) | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)a | < 0.01 | ||
| Normal (≤ 24.99) | 13 (20.6) | 107 (45.5) | |
| Overweight (25.0–29.99) | 17 (27.0) | 52 (22.1) | |
| Obese (≥ 30.0) | 33 (52.4) | 76 (32.3) | |
| Active smokerb | 0.04 | ||
| No | 55 (85.9) | 175 (73.8) | |
| Yes | 9 (14.1) | 62 (26.2) | |
| Parity | 0.62 | ||
| 0 | 13 (20.3) | 55 (23.2) | |
| ≥1 | 51 (79.7) | 182 (76.8) | |
| Self-reported history of GDM | < 0.01 | ||
| Nulliparous | 13 (20.3) | 55 (23.2) | |
| Parous without GDM history | 35 (54.7) | 173 (73.0) | |
| Parous with GDM history | 16 (25.0) | 9 (3.8) |
a
Pre-pregnancy BMI data was missing for one case and two controls.
b
Self-reported currently smoking or urinary cotinine over 15 ng/mL for active smoker.
c
P-value based on chi-square test.