Table 3.
Associations between SG-adjusted inorganic arsenic exposure, arsenic species, and GDM.
| Variables | Cases N (%) |
Controls N (%) |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total As (μg/L)c | ||||
| ≤ 4.72 | 22 (34.4) | 79 (33.3) | 1.00 | 1.00e |
| 4.73 – 8.07 | 21 (32.8) | 79 (33.3) | 0.95 (0.49–1.87) | 0.71 (0.32–1.57) |
| ≥ 8.08 | 21 (32.8) | 79 (33.3) | 0.95 (0.49–1.87) | 0.77 (0.33–1.79) |
| Total As (μg/L)a,c | ||||
| ≤ 4.32 | 20 (41.7) | 61 (33.7) | 1.00 | 1.00f |
| 4.33 – 6.32 | 14 (29.2) | 60 (33.2) | 0.71 (0.33–1.54) | 0.44 (0.17–1.13) |
| ≥ 6.33 | 14 (29.2) | 60 (33.2) | 0.71 (0.33–1.54) | 0.70 (0.29–1.71) |
| Total As (μg/L)b,c | ||||
| ≤ 3.42 | 23 (37.1) | 78 (33.5) | 1.00 | 1.00f |
| 3.42 – 5.95 | 20 (32.3) | 78 (33.5) | 0.87 (0.44–1.71) | 0.74 (0.34–1.63) |
| ≥ 5.95 | 19 (30.6) | 77 (33.1) | 0.84 (0.42–1.66) | 0.67 (0.30–1.49) |
| iSumAs (μg/L)c | ||||
| ≤ 4.54 | 23 (35.9) | 79 (33.5) | 1.00 | 1.00f |
| 4.55 – 6.75 | 17 (26.6) | 79 (33.5) | 0.74 (0.37–1.49) | 0.66 (0.29–1.49) |
| ≥ 6.76 | 24 (37.5) | 78 (33.1) | 1.06 (0.55–2.03) | 0.73 (0.34–1.61) |
| As3 (μg/L)d | ||||
| Non-detectable | 57 (89.1) | 201 (85.2) | 1.00 | |
| ≤ 0.50 | 3 (4.7) | 18 (7.6) | 0.59 (0.17–2.07) | - |
| ≥ 0.51 | 4 (6.3) | 17 (7.2) | 0.83 (0.27–2.56) | - |
| As5 (μg/L)d | ||||
| Non-detectable | 52 (81.3) | 199 (84.3) | 1.00 | 1.00f |
| ≤ 2.04 | 7 (10.9) | 19 (8.1) | 1.41 (0.56–3.53) | 1.24 (0.39–3.93) |
| ≥ 2.05 | 5 (7.8) | 18 (7.6) | 1.06 (0.38–3.00) | 1.62 (0.50–5.22) |
| iAs (μg/L)d | ||||
| Non-detectable | 47 (73.4) | 170 (72.0) | 1.00 | 1.00f |
| ≤ 1.19 | 9 (14.1) | 33 (14.0) | 0.99 (0.44–2.21) | 1.26 (0.48–3.33) |
| ≥ 1.20 | 8 (12.5) | 33 (14.0) | 0.88 (0.38–2.03) | 1.07 (0.40–2.91) |
| MMA (μg/L)d | ||||
| Non-detectable | 58 (90.6) | 210 (89.0) | 1.00 | |
| ≤ 1.00 | 2 (3.1) | 13 (5.5) | 0.56 (0.12–2.54) | - |
| ≥ 1.01 | 4 (6.3) | 13 (5.5) | 1.11 (0.35–3.55) | - |
| DMA (μg/L)d | ||||
| Non-detectable | 20 (31.3) | 55 (23.3) | 1.00 | 1.00f |
| ≤ 3.46 | 20 (31.3) | 90 (38.1) | 0.61 (0.30–1.24) | 0.70 (0.30–1.62) |
| ≥ 3.47 | 24 (37.5) | 91 (38.6) | 0.73 (0.37–1.43) | 0.55 (0.24–1.24) |
| AsB (μg/L)d | ||||
| Non-detectable | 48 (75.0) | 181 (76.7) | 1.00 | 1.00f |
| ≤ 4.13 | 8 (12.5) | 28 (11.9) | 1.08 (0.46–2.52) | 0.79 (0.29–2.20) |
| ≥ 4.14 | 8 (12.5) | 27 (11.4) | 1.12 (0.48–2.62) | 0.67 (0.23–1.93) |
Abbreviations: Total As, urinary total arsenic; iSumAs, Sum of urinary inorganic-related arsenic species; As3, arsenite; As5, arsenate; iAs, inorganic arsenic; MMA, monomethylarsonic acid; DMA, dimethylarsinic acid; AsB, arsenobetaine; SG, specific gravity.
Adjusted ORs were not reported for arsenic species with cell counts less than five.
Excludes subjects with detectable levels of AsB.
Subtracts AsB and AsC concentrations from Total As.
Concentrations split at the tertile of control distribution.
Women with non-detectable concentrations served as referent group; detectable concentrations split at the median of control distribution.
Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking status, self-reported history of GDM, and AsB.
Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking status, and self-reported history of GDM.