Table 2.
Characteristics of the studies included in the analysis of studies on probiotics.
| Study | Study design | Participants (N) | Case definition | Age | Implants (N) | Smokers | Probiotics | Dosage | Time points | Plaque | Bleeding | Pocket depths | Bio-markers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flichy-Fernández et al., 2015 | Randomized, placebo-Controlled, double-blind, crossover | 34 Group A (healthy) 22 Group B (M) 12 | Healthy - PPD < 4 mm and no signs of inflammation. M - gingival redness, swelling, BOP, no bone loss | Group A (healthy) 63.6 ± 10.1 Group B M) 4 60.2 ± 7.4 | 77 Group A (healthy) 54 Group B (M) 23 | Nonsmokers | Lactobacillus reuteri strains ATCC PTA 5289 and DSM 17938, 10⁸ CFU each strain | One tablet (probiotics/placebo)per day in 30 days | 30 days Test or placebo. 6 months washout | Group A Test Δ -0.59 ± 0.94 Control Δ 0.00 ± 0.82 | Group A Test Δ -0.37 ± 0.73 Control Δ 0.44 ± 0.77 | Group A Test Δ -0.16 ± 0.84 Control Δ 0.27 ± 0.72 | IL 1b, IL 6 and IL 8 |
| Group B Test Δ -0.74 ± 1.05 Control Δ 0.00 ± 1.28 | Group B Test Δ -0.09 ± 1.08 Control Δ 0.48 ± 0.79 | Group B Test Δ -1.09 ± 0.90 Control Δ 0.18 ± 0.65 | |||||||||||
| Galofré et al., 2018 | Randomized, placebo-controlled, triple-blind, parallel-design | 44 M: 22: 11 Test, 11 Control P: 22: 11 Test, 11 Control | M - BoP and/or suppuration and no bone loss. P - BoP and/or suppuration, PPD ≥5 mm and bone loss of ≥2 and/or ≥3 mm implant threads- | M Test 61.5 ± 10.4 Control 60.0 ± 9.5 P Test 61.7 ± 7.0 Control 56.8 ± 9.3 | M: 22: 11 Test, 11 Control P: 22: 11 Test, 11 Control | Nonsmokers | Lactobacillus reuteri strains ATCC PTA 5289 and DSM 17938, 10⁸ CFU each strain | One tablet (probiotics/placebo)per day in 30 days | BL, 30 and 90 days | M Test Δ −0.16 ± 0.17 Control Δ −0.09 ± 0.04 | M Test Δ −32% ± 0.24* Control Δ −7% ± 0.24 | M Test Δ −0.48 ± 0.50 Control Δ −0.15 ± 0.36 | |
| P Test Δ −0.16 ± 0.09 Control Δ −0.10 ± 0.11 | P Test Δ −20% ± 0.22 Control Δ −10% ± 0.18 | P Test Δ −0.55 ± 0.37 Control Δ −0.20 ± 0.35 | |||||||||||
| Laleman et al., 2020 | Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind | 19 Test 9 (5 male/4 female) Control 10 (4 male/6 female) | P- PPD ≥4 mm with BOP, bone loss of > 1 mm | Test 64 ± 11 Control 69 ± 9 | 19 Test 9 Control 10 | Nonsmokers | Lactobacillus reuteri strains ATCC PTA 5289 and DSM 17938, 10⁸ CFU each strain | 1.9 ± 0.3 tablets per day in Test group and 1.6 ± 0.4 in Control group. Duration not specified. | BL, 6-, 12- and 24-week | Test Δ −13 ± 14% | Test Δ −27% ± 23 Δ −0.93 ± 0.67 | Test Δ −1.02 ± 0.69 | |
| Control Δ −2 ± 16% | Control Δ −33% ± 27 Δ −0.56 ± 0.97 | Control Δ −1.27 ± 1.00 | |||||||||||
| Peña et al., 2019 | Randomized, placebo-controlled, triple-blind | 50 Test 25 Control 25 | M - BOP with gingival redness, swelling, no bone loss | Test 55.96 ± 10.81 Control 61.16 ± 10.62 | 50 Test 25 Control 25 | Test 0% Control 4% | Lactobacillus reuteri strains ATCC PTA 5289 and DSM 17938, 10⁸ CFU each strain | One tablet (probiotics/placebo)per day in 30 days | BL, 15, 45, and 135 days | Test Δ −48.0% Control Δ −44.0% | Test Δ 36.0% Control Δ 40.0% | Test Δ − 0.21 ± 0.48 | |
| Control Δ − 0.34 ± 0.50 | |||||||||||||
| Hallström et al., 2016 | Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind | 49 Test 24 Control 25 | M- PPD > 4 mm with BOP and/or suppuration | 24–85 years Test 53.7 (19.6) Control 63.3 (17.2) | 49 Test 24 Control 25 | Test 29% Control 8% | Lactobacillus reuteri strains ATCC PTA 5289 and DSM 17938, 10⁸ CFU each strain | One tablet (probiotics/placebo) twice daily for 3 months | BL, 1, 2, 4, 12 and 26 weeks | Test BL 26% 26w 26% | Test BL 54% 26w 14% | Test BL 4.3 ± 1.1 26w 3.7 ± 1.3 | IL-1b, IL-1RA, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A, CCL5, TNF-a, IFN-g and GMCSF |
| Control BL 32% 26w 15% | Control BL 58% 26w 17% | Control BL 4.0 ± 1.4 26 w 3.5 ± 1.5 | |||||||||||
| Tada et al., 2017 | Randomized, placebo-Controlled, double blind | 30 Test 15 Control 15 | Mild to moderate P - PPD > 4 and < 7 mm, BOP or suppuration and >2 mm bone loss | Test 68.80 ± 7.46 Control 65.87 ± 8.84 | 30 Test 15 Control 15 | Test 20% Control 7% | Lactobacillus reuteri strains ATCC PTA 5289 and DSM 17938, 10⁸ CFU each strain | One tablet a day for 6 months | 0, 4, 12 and 24 weeks | Test 0w 1.07 ± 0.7 24w 1.13 ± 0.74 | Test 1.27 ± 0.70 24w 0.93 ± 0.79 | Test 0w 3.64 ± 0.83 24w 3.21 ± 0.84 | |
| Control 0w 1.27 ± 1.03.74 24w 1.20 ± 0.68 | Control 0w 1.40 ± 0.91 24w 1.53 ± 0.92 | Control 0w 3.53 ± 0.97 24w 3.47 ± 0.95 | |||||||||||
| Lauritano et al., 2019 | Randomized placebo-Controlled | 10 | P - definition not specified | No data available | 10 | No data available | Lactobacillus reuteri, strain not specified | One tablet (probiotic or placebo) for 4 weeks | BL and 28 days | No data available | No data available | No data available |
The bold font and asterisk indicate significance between baseline and latest timepoint and test and control, respectively. Data on bleeding presented in % refer to bleeding on probing and otherwise modified Gingival Index.
Group A, healthy; Group B, peri-implant mucositis; M, mucositis; P, peri-implantitis; IL-1β, interleukin- 1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-8, interleukin-8; IL-1RA, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist; IL-4, interleukin-4; IL-7A, interleukin-7A; CCL-5, chemokine ligand-5; IFN-g, interferon gamma; GMCSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.