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. 2022 Mar 16;13:844104. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.844104

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Copyright © 2022 Gamal-Eldeen, Alrehaili, Alharthi and Raafat.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Cytotoxicity: The viability of A549 as estimated by MTT assay. The viability is presented as % of the control (mean ± SD; n = 8). (B) Alteration in total hypoxia level in A549 cells: Detection of the change in the total hypoxia was explored by pimonidazole, which interacts with thiol groups in proteins in hypoxic cells to form green fluorescent adducts. Cells were analyzed under a fluorescence microscope (Magnification ×200). (C). Determination of HIF-1α and HIF-1β proteins in A549 cells: The proteins were measured by ELISA in control cells and in ICG/PDT- and Perftoran^®/ICG/PDT -treated cells (ng/ml; n = 6; mean ± SD). The results were compared to those of ^a control cells, ^b ICG-treated cells, and ^c ICG/PDT-treated cells; *p < 0.05, and ***p < 0.001.