Box 1.

Quality appraisal of cross-sectional surveys using the JBI tool^a

Author (year)	1. Were the criteria for inclusion in the sample clearly defined?	2. Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail?	5. Were confounding factors identified?	6. Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated?	7. Were the outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way?	8. Was appropriate statistical analysis used?
Amerio et al (2020)52	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Alrawashdeh et al (2021)29	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Baptista et al (2021)41	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Castelli et al (2021)46	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Di Monte et al (2020)42	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Dutour et al (2021)30	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Filfilan et al (2020)49	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Gold et al (2021)57	Yes	No	No	No	Unclear	Yes
Gokdemir et al (2020)33	No	Yes	Partly	Partly	Yes	Yes
Jahan et al (2021)40	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Lange et al (2022)36	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Lau et al (2021)31	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes
Lau et al (2021)54	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Yes
Lee et al (2020)37	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Ortega-Galán et al (2020)38	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Monterrosa-Castro et al (2020)48	Yes	Yes	No	No	Partly	Yes
Monterrosa-Castro et al (2021)44	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Rossi et al (2020)32	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Sitanggang et al (2021)43	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Sotomayor-Castillo et al (2021)58	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes
Stafie et al (2021)47	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Taş et al (2021)45	Yes	Yes	No	No	Partly	Yes
Trivedi et al (2021)55	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Tse et al (2020)59	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Vilovic et al (2021)39	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes
Zeng et al (2021)50	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes

^a Questions 3 and 4 on the JBI were not applicable and are excluded here. JBI = Joanna Briggs Institute.