Table 2.
Association between predefined variables and the incidence of long COVID syndrome in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 (multivariate logistic regression model)
| Variable | Number of patients in the subgroup (n) | Proportion of patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome (n, %) | Total | Women | Men | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)1 |
p value | Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)1 |
p value | Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)1 |
p value | |||
| Total | 50,402 | 1708 (3.4) | ||||||
| Age ≤ 30 years | 10,443 | 213 (2.0) | Reference | |||||
| Age 31–45 years | 12,963 | 379 (2.9) | 1.33 (1.12–1.58) | 0.001 | 1.29 (1.04–1.60) | 0.023 | 1.39 (1.05–1.84) | 0.021 |
| Age 46–60 years | 14,424 | 664 (4.6) | 1.81 (1.54–2.13) | < 0.001 | 1.67 (1.36–2.05) | < 0.001 | 2.04 (1.56–2.67) | < 0.001 |
| Age > 60 years | 12,572 | 452 (3.6) | 1.19 (0.99–1.43) | 0.071 | 1.09 (0.86–1.39) | 0.460 | 1.37 (1.01–1.86) | 0.045 |
| Female | 27,512 | 1056 (3.8) | 1.33 (1.20–1.47) | < 0.001 | − | − | ||
| Male | 22,890 | 652 (2.9) | Reference | − | − | |||
| Hypertension | 12,898 | 634 (4.9) | 1.31 (1.15–1.48) | < 0.001 | 1.27 (1.08–1.49) | 0.004 | 1.39 (1.13–1.70) | 0.001 |
| Lipid metabolism disorder | 8580 | 472 (5.5) | 1.46 (1.28–1.65) | < 0.001 | 1.43 (1.21–1.68) | < 0.001 | 1.49 (1.22–1.81) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus type 1 | 364 | 15 (4.1) | 1.00 (0.59–1.69) | 0.987 | 0.98 (0.45–2.11) | 0.950 | 0.99 (0.48–2.05) | 0.978 |
| Diabetes mellitus type 2 | 5060 | 233 (4.6) | 0.93 (0.79–1.10) | 0.389 | 0.80 (0.64–1.02) | 0.069 | 1.10 (0.87–141) | 0.440 |
| Obesity | 4995 | 271 (5.4) | 1.25 (1.08–1.44) | 0.003 | 1.28 (1.06–1.53) | 0.010 | 1.19 (0.94–1.51) | 0.153 |
| BMI < 25.0 kg/m2 | 2521 | 136 (5.4) | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
| BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2 | 2693 | 138 (5.1) | 0.95 (0.74–1.21) | 0.662 | 0.92 (0.67–1.26) | 0.611 | 1.14 (0.75–1.73) | 0.543 |
| BMI 30.0–34.9 kg/m2 | 1549 | 95 (6.1) | 1.15 (0.88–1.50) | 0.323 | 1.20 (0.85–1.69) | 0.301 | 1.25 (0.79–2.00) | 0.342 |
| BMI ≥ 35.0 kg/m2 | 969 | 63 (6.5) | 1.22 (0.90–1.66) | 0.207 | 1.20 (0.83–1.73) | 0.337 | 1.34 (0.76–2.36) | 0.311 |
| Ischemic heart diseases | 3803 | 187 (4.9) | 1.08 (0.91–1.29) | 0.391 | 1.21 (0.96–1.52) | 0.115 | 0.90 (0.69–1.18) | 0.458 |
| Asthma | 4073 | 231 (5.7) | 1.49 (1.28–1.73) | < 0.001 | 1.67 (1.39–2.00) | < 0.001 | 1.22 (0.93–1.59) | 0.155 |
| Chronic bronchitis/COPD | 4399 | 187 (4.3) | 0.93 (0.79–1.10) | 0.379 | 0.82 (0.64–1.04) | 0.056 | 1.13 (0.88–1.46) | 0.328 |
| Cancer | 2605 | 132 (5.1) | 1.21 (1.00–1.46) | 0.054 | 1.04 (0.81–1.35) | 0.737 | 1.46 (1.09–1.95) | 0.012 |
| Depression | 8529 | 416 (4.9) | 1.21 (1.07–1.37) | 0.002 | 1.27 (1.09–1.47) | 0.002 | 1.14 (0.92–1.41) | 0.223 |
1The logistic regression analysis was adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities including hypertension, lipid metabolism disorder, diabetes mellitus, obesity, ischemic heart diseases, asthma, chronic bronchitis/COPD, cancer, depression. BMI values were available for 7732 patients