Table 3. Effect of odour addition and order of gameplay on post gameplay questionnaire measures.
| Questionnaire | Odour effect | Order effect | Interaction effect* | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odour | Control | F-value | P-value | Gameplay 1 | Gameplay 2 | F-value | P-value | F-value | P-value | |
| ITC-SOPI | ||||||||||
| Spatial presence | 3.70 | 3.35 | 5.72 | 0.022 | 3.41 | 3.64 | 2.46 | 0.125 | 2.39 | 0.131 |
| Engagement | 3.88 | 3.66 | 1.68 | 0.202 | 3.75 | 3.79 | 0.08 | 0.778 | 3.35 | 0.075 |
| Ecological validity/naturalness | 3.61 | 3.43 | 0.88 | 0.355 | 3.50 | 3.54 | 0.04 | 0.840 | 2.56 | 0.118 |
| Negative effects | 2.73 | 2.60 | 0.21 | 0.653 | 2.70 | 2.63 | 0.04 | 0.837 | 0.42 | 0.520 |
| Match question (5-point scale with anchors: strongly disagree/strongly agree) | ||||||||||
| “The smells I experienced matched the virtual environment” | 4.10 | 2.63 | 32.25 | <0.001 | 3.23 | 3.49 | 1.00 | 0.325 | 1.07 | 0.308 |
| Emotional state (9-point Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) scale) | ||||||||||
| Arousal (Calm/Anxious) | 5.25 | 4.25 | 3.85 | 0.057 | 4.89 | 4.61 | 0.29 | 0.593 | 0.19 | 0.663 |
| Pleasure (Unhappy/Happy) | 6.29 | 6.25 | 0.01 | 0.938 | 6.29 | 6.25 | 0.01 | 0.938 | 0.00 | 0.981 |
| Dominance (Weak/Powerful) | 5.55 | 5.60 | 0.01 | 0.920 | 5.82 | 5.32 | 0.98 | 0.328 | 0.69 | 0.413 |
| Smell recall questionnaire | ||||||||||
| Pleasantness (5-point scale with anchors: Very unpleasant/Very pleasant) | ||||||||||
| Forest | 3.39 | 3.29 | 0.11 | 0.741 | 3.20 | 3.47 | 0.80 | 0.376 | 2.77 | 0.104 |
| Horse sculpture | 2.57 | 2.66 | 0.06 | 0.805 | 2.52 | 2.71 | 0.24 | 0.626 | 0.02 | 0.899 |
| Outside fire/smoke | 3.19 | 3.02 | 0.35 | 0.558 | 2.96 | 3.25 | 1.05 | 0.313 | 0.17 | 0.684 |
| Hallway | 2.82 | 2.80 | 0.00 | 0.948 | 2.75 | 2.86 | 0.15 | 0.698 | 1.08 | 0.304 |
| Pot with rotten food | 1.56 | 1.89 | 1.19 | 0.283 | 1.65 | 1.80 | 0.24 | 0.628 | 1.50 | 0.229 |
| Fridge | 2.00 | 1.94 | 0.02 | 0.884 | 1.95 | 1.99 | 0.01 | 0.909 | 0.19 | 0.665 |
| Fireplace | 2.90 | 2.81 | 0.17 | 0.681 | 2.71 | 2.99 | 1.72 | 0.198 | 0.30 | 0.590 |
| Basement water | 2.12 | 2.26 | 0.18 | 0.672 | 1.94 | 2.44 | 2.50 | 0.122 | 1.21 | 0.278 |
| Rotten head | 1.46 | 2.04 | 2.75 | 0.106 | 1.69 | 1.81 | 0.12 | 0.736 | 1.42 | 0.241 |
| Realism (5-point scale with anchors: Did not match the game/Perfectly matched) | ||||||||||
| Forest | 3.90 | 3.42 | 3.15 | 0.084 | 3.44 | 3.88 | 2.72 | 0.107 | 0.03 | 0.860 |
| Horse sculpture | 3.76 | 3.27 | 2.53 | 0.120 | 3.40 | 3.63 | 0.58 | 0.450 | 0.15 | 0.705 |
| Outside fire/smoke | 4.00 | 3.47 | 3.31 | 0.077 | 3.59 | 3.88 | 1.02 | 0.318 | 0.12 | 0.727 |
| Hallway | 3.63 | 3.62 | 0.00 | 0.959 | 3.68 | 3.57 | 0.12 | 0.728 | 1.99 | 0.166 |
| Pot with rotten food | 4.15 | 3.66 | 2.33 | 0.135 | 3.87 | 3.93 | 0.04 | 0.846 | 0.29 | 0.593 |
| Fridge | 4.05 | 3.77 | 0.79 | 0.380 | 3.82 | 4.00 | 0.32 | 0.574 | 0.79 | 0.380 |
| Fireplace | 3.80 | 3.49 | 1.21 | 0.279 | 3.57 | 3.72 | 0.29 | 0.593 | 0.81 | 0.373 |
| Basement water | 4.14 | 3.96 | 0.27 | 0.607 | 3.91 | 4.19 | 0.73 | 0.399 | 0.00 | 0.976 |
| Rotten head | 4.04 | 3.90 | 0.16 | 0.689 | 3.90 | 4.04 | 0.14 | 0.712 | 0.18 | 0.670 |
| Strength (5-point scale with anchors: Did not smell/Extremely smelly) | ||||||||||
| Forest | 2.55 | 1.48 | 15.35 | <0.001 | 1.59 | 2.43 | 9.62 | 0.004 | 0.83 | 0.369 |
| Horse sculpture | 3.37 | 1.47 | 42.71 | <0.001 | 2.24 | 2.61 | 1.61 | 0.212 | 0.01 | 0.934 |
| Outside fire/smoke | 3.51 | 1.62 | 30.17 | <0.001 | 2.38 | 2.75 | 1.18 | 0.284 | 0.02 | 0.881 |
| Hallway | 2.27 | 1.16 | 21.86 | <0.001 | 1.55 | 1.88 | 2.01 | 0.165 | 0.75 | 0.391 |
| Pot with rotten food | 4.00 | 1.82 | 35.79 | <0.001 | 2.87 | 2.95 | 0.06 | 0.814 | 0.58 | 0.453 |
| Fridge | 3.56 | 1.73 | 33.75 | <0.001 | 2.88 | 2.41 | 2.20 | 0.146 | 10.34 | 0.003 |
| Fireplace | 3.09 | 1.35 | 36.55 | <0.001 | 2.13 | 2.30 | 0.36 | 0.555 | 0.49 | 0.488 |
| Basement water | 3.41 | 1.50 | 43.11 | <0.001 | 2.27 | 2.63 | 1.51 | 0.226 | 2.48 | 0.123 |
| Rotten head | 3.51 | 1.63 | 29.16 | <0.001 | 2.33 | 2.81 | 1.86 | 0.181 | 0.02 | 0.889 |
Table shows mean data from 22 participants,
*Interaction effect assessed Odour*Order interaction. Bold values highlight significant findings.