Table 3. Associations between HbA1c levels and PHQ-9 scores.

Note: Adjusted model included sex, race/ethnicity, poverty, body mass index, and sedentary lifestyle, all of which are shown in the table.

PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.

Patient characteristics		Unadjusted		Adjusted
		OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
HbA1c	≤7%	1.47 (1.04, 2.09)	0.033	1.23 (0.85, 1.78)	0.256
	>7%	Ref		Ref
Sex	Male	Ref		Ref
	Female	1.72 (0.73, 4.03)	0.195	1.60 (0.71, 3.60)	0.239
Race/ethnicity	White non-Hispanic	Ref		Ref
	Black non-Hispanic	0.81 (0.32, 2.05)	0.629	0.70 (0.30, 1.65)	0.388
	Hispanic	0.48 (0.22, 1.08)	0.073	0.41 (0.16, 1.03)	0.057
	Other/mixed	0.83 (0.30, 2.27)	0.692	1.11 (0.36, 3.45)	0.840
Family income to poverty	≤1.30	2.41 (0.81, 7.21)	0.11	2.93 (1.01, 8.50)	0.048
	1.3-3.50	1.63 (0.51, 5.15)	0.88	2.12 (0.69, 6.50)	0.175
	>3.50	Ref		Ref
Body mass index	<25	Ref		Ref
	25.0-30	1.58 (0.35, 7.12)	0.53	1.57 (0.33, 7.32)	0.545
	>30	2.78 (0.67, 11.51)	0.14	2.01 (0.52, 7.69)	0.286
Sedentary lifestyle	<5 hours/day	Ref		Ref
	5-10 hours/day	2.51 (1.59, 3.94)	0.001	2.70 (1.58, 4.61)	0.001
	>10 hours/day	3.36 (1.17, 9.64)	0.027	5.16 (1.73, 15.40)	0.006