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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Comput Toxicol. 2021 Sep 23;20:100191. doi: 10.1016/j.comtox.2021.100191

Figure 1. Interactions among the 10 KCs and with the Three Stages of Carcinogenesis.

Figure 1.

KC1 = is electrophilic, KC2 = is genotoxic, KC3 = alters DNA repair or causes genomic instability, KC4 = induces epigenetic alterations, KC5 = induces oxidative stress, KC6 = induces chronic inflammation, KC7 = is immunosuppressive, KC8 = modulates receptor-mediated effects, KC9 = causes immortalization, KC10 = alters cell proliferation, cell death, or nutrient supply. Supporting information for the different arrows can be found in the text or are considered by the working group to be biologically plausible. KCs are color coded according to the association between KCs and 86 chemicals carcinogenic to humans (International Agency for Research on Cancer Group 1 Agents) as determined by Krewski et al. [49].