Table 1.
Therapies targeting the intestinal microbiota in kidney diseases.
| Methods | Detailed strain | Effects | Applications |
|---|---|---|---|
| Probiotics | Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria | Anti-inflammatory, decrease oxidative stress and apoptosis, and limit absorption across intestine | LPS-AKI, CIS-AKI, CKD |
| Prebiotics | Lactulose | Stimulate the growth and activity of beneficial intestinal bacteria | CKD |
| SCFAs | Butyrate, propionate, and acetate | Modulate the immune homeostasis | IRI-AKI, Sepsis-AKI |
| Immune modulator | Monoclonal antibodies | Dampen the immune response | IRI-AKI |
| SDD | Vancomycin | Reduce uremic toxins, rebuild the intestinal barrier | AKI |
| Others | Charcoal adsorbent, D-serine, TCM | Protect the intestinal barrier, reduce uremic toxins | AKI, CKD |
| FMT | Intestinal microbiota reprogramming | Anti-inflammatory, repair tubular epithelial cells injury | CKD |