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Gender differences in Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), and Apgar wellness scores (AWS) according to residency years. (A) Gender differences in the PHQ-9 score. For depression symptoms, PHQ-9 is >10 points. (B) Gender differences in the ESS score. An ESS score of 11 suggests the presence of excessive sleepiness. (C) Gender differences in the AWS. Individuals with AWS <5 points need professional counselling for significant trouble or pain.
