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RA rescues the microcephaly induced by loss of ALDH1A3 activity. Microcephaly was induced in Xenopus embryos by targeting the aldh1a3 gene with CRISPR/Cas9+sgR3. As controls, embryos were injected with Cas9 only. For rescue of the microcephalic phenotype, embryos were treated with 5 nM or 10 nM RA. The rescue efficiency was calculated by Chi-square, comparing each treatment to the Cas9 control microcephaly level. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ****, p < 0.0001; ns, not significant.
