Table 3.
Comparison of patients of different ethnic groups.
| Total | South Asians | Middle Easterns | East Asians | Caucasians | Others | p-value | Missing values | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 560 | n = 244 (43.57%) | n = 148 (26.43%) | n = 94 (16.79%) | n = 60 (10.71%) | n = 14 (2.5%) | ||||
| Patient age | 39.0 [33.0–49.0] | 39.0 ± 11.35 | 38.5 ± 16.66 | 37.0 ± 8.86 | 43.5 ± 11.48* | 38.5 ± 6.31 | 0.0933 | ||
| Patient gender | Female | 189 (33.75%) | 55 (22.54%)* | 55 (37.16%) | 50 (53.19%)* | 22 (36.67%) | 7 (50.0%) | <0.0001 | |
| Male | 371 (66.25%) | 189 (77.46%)* | 93 (62.84%) | 44 (46.81%)* | 38 (63.33%) | 7 (50.0%) | |||
| Comorbidities | |||||||||
| Current smoking | 36 (6.43%) | 10 (4.1%) | 15 (10.14%)* | 4 (4.26%) | 7 (11.67%) | 0.0401 | |||
| Chronic cardiac disease | 20 (3.57%) | 8 (3.28%) | 10 (6.76%)* | 1 (1.06%) | 1 (1.67%) | 0.1214 | |||
| Hypertension | 115 (20.54%) | 47 (19.26%) | 37 (25.0%) | 21 (22.34%) | 8 (13.33%) | 2 (14.29%) | 0.3449 | ||
| Asthma | 38 (6.79%) | 14 (5.74%) | 9 (6.08%) | 9 (9.57%) | 6 (10.0%) | 0.4489 | |||
| Chronic kidney disease | 7 (1.25%) | 2 (0.82%) | 4 (2.7%) | 1 (7.14%) | |||||
| Diabetes | 98 (17.5%) | 51 (20.9%) | 37 (25.0%)* | 8 (8.51%)* | 1 (1.67%)* | 1 (7.14%) | <0.0001 | ||
| Active malignant cancer | 6 (1.07%) | 2 (0.82%) | 3 (2.03%) | 1 (1.06%) | |||||
| Physical examination | |||||||||
| BMI | adm | 27.0 [23.92–30.44] | 26.5 ± 4.2 | 28.0 ± 7.03* | 26.64 ± 5.37 | 26.85 ± 4.45 | 27.05 ± 3.72 | 0.2195 | 49.64% |
| Body temperature, °C | adm | 37.0 [37.0–37.9] | 37.0 ± 0.7 | 37.0 ± 0.62* | 37.2 ± 0.74 | 37.0 ± 0.86 | 37.4 ± 0.71 | 0.0343 | |
| HR BPM | adm | 85.0 [78.0–95.0] | 85.0 ± 14.08 | 85.0 ± 12.11 | 89.0 ± 13.68* | 80.0 ± 14.97* | 84.5 ± 12.19 | 0.0014 | |
| SBP | adm | 124.0 [114–135] | 124.0 ± 16.02* | 120.5 ± 16.12* | 124.5 ± 20.31 | 123.5 ± 12.73 | 123.5 ± 14.63 | 0.0786 | |
| DBP | adm | 78.0 [70.0–84.0] | 78.0 ± 10.98* | 74.0 ± 9.69* | 80.0 ± 11.46* | 76.0 ± 9.88 | 72.0 ± 10.69 | <0.0001 | |
| RR/min | adm | 18.0 [18.0–18.0] | 18.0 ± 4.53* | 18.0 ± 2.8* | 18.0 ± 4.14 | 18.0 ± 1.48 | 18.0 ± 1.03 | 0.0394 | |
| SOFA score | adm | 0.0 [0.0–0.0] | 0.0 ± 2.16 | 0.0 ± 1.09 | 0.0 ± 1.56 | 0.0 ± 0.7 | 0.0 ± 0.52 | 0.2733 | 0.71% |
| Laboratory findings | |||||||||
| WBC, ×109/L | adm | 5.8 [4.5–7.2] | 6.1 ± 2.51* | 5.2 ± 3.78* | 5.95 ± 2.94 | 5.65 ± 4.55 | 4.2 ± 1.86* | <0.0001 | 0.54% |
| min | 5.5 [4.1–7.2] | 6.0 ± 10.79* | 4.7 ± 2.21* | 6.0 ± 3.63 | 5.3 ± 5.48 | 3.6 ± 1.88* | <0.0001 | 0.54% | |
| Platelets, ×109/L | adm | 224.0 [180–272] | 227.0 ± 68.77 | 207.0 ± 72.21* | 260.5 ± 106.96* | 206.5 ± 55.27* | 222.5 ± 57.78 | <0.0001 | 0.36% |
| min | 224.0 [178.0–272.0] | 224.0 ± 85.51 | 211.0 ± 77.6 | 260.0 ± 104.38* | 207.0 ± 60.95* | 222.5 ± 79.8 | <0.0001 | 0.36% | |
| Lymphocytes, ×109/L | adm | 1.55 [1.06–2.1] | 1.62 ± 0.79 | 1.57 ± 0.71 | 1.52 ± 0.67 | 1.37 ± 0.75 | 1.04 ± 0.6 | 0.3291 | 0.54% |
| min | 1.49 [0.89–2.09] | 1.54 ± 0.87 | 1.5 ± 0.76 | 1.43 ± 0.74 | 1.32 ± 3.91 | 1.04 ± 1.67 | 0.6228 | 0.54% | |
| Neutrophils, ×109/L | adm | 3.43 [2.4–4.57] | 3.72 ± 2.14* | 2.94 ± 2.43* | 3.56 ± 2.4 | 3.48 ± 2.93 | 2.24 ± 1.49 | 5.7e-05 | 0.54% |
| min | 3.24 [2.13–4.49] | 3.55 ± 2.44* | 2.57 ± 1.83* | 3.6 ± 2.25* | 2.89 ± 2.26 | 2.14 ± 1.5* | 3.3e-07 | 0.54% | |
| Neutropenia, <1×109/L | adm | 12 (2.14%) | 2 (0.82%) | 8 (5.41%)* | 1 (1.06%) | 1 (1.67%) | 0.0336 | 0.54% | |
| min | 20 (3.57%) | 5 (2.05%) | 11 (7.43%)* | 1 (1.06%) | 3 (5.0%) | 0.0309 | 0.54% | ||
| NLR | adm | 2.07 [1.31–3.49] | 2.12 ± 4.39 | 1.89 ± 2.66* | 2.48 ± 3.85 | 2.12 ± 3.17 | 1.9 ± 1.75 | 0.0206 | 0.54% |
| min | 2.06 [1.3–3.69] | 2.14 ± 10.34* | 1.78 ± 2.93* | 2.56 ± 8.34* | 1.82 ± 4.07 | 1.86 ± 2.16 | 0.0013 | 0.54% | |
| LCR | adm | 0.26 [0.05–0.96] | 0.28 ± 17.31 | 0.25 ± 16.73 | 0.2 ± 12.6* | 0.41 ± 3.04 | 0.33 ± 0.84 | 0.2146 | 10.89% |
| peak | 17.05 [1.61–61.85] | 21.07 ± 80.43 | 15.79 ± 67.21 | 11.11 ± 57.17 | 18.64 ± 88.51 | 4.33 ± 692.68 | 0.6871 | 10.71% | |
| T.bilirubin, μmol/L | adm | 9.0 [6.0–12.6] | 10.0 ± 6.87* | 8.0 ± 5.06* | 8.0 ± 5.77* | 8.2 ± 4.58 | 7.0 ± 4.9 | <0.0001 | 1.96% |
| peak | 9.85 [6.5–14.38] | 10.4 ± 21.82* | 8.6 ± 6.09* | 9.5 ± 10.81 | 11.4 ± 8.1 | 9.0 ± 5.09 | <0.0001 | 1.79% | |
| ALT, U/L | adm | 28.0 [17.25–47.75] | 29.0 ± 33.34 | 25.0 ± 40.81 | 34.0 ± 38.83 | 25.0 ± 24.5 | 29.0 ± 23.13 | 0.1533 | 1.79% |
| peak | 32.0 [19.0–67.75] | 35.0 ± 465.54 | 27.0 ± 5109.99* | 37.0 ± 80.04 | 29.0 ± 58.7 | 29.0 ± 118.76 | 0.1017 | 1.79% | |
| AST, U/L | adm | 24.0 [18.0–36.22] | 25.0 ± 25.33 | 23.0 ± 34.69* | 28.0 ± 21.46 | 24.0 ± 16.12 | 24.5 ± 18.35 | 0.0709 | 1.79% |
| peak | 25.5 [19.0–44.0] | 26.0 ± 447.91 | 25.0 ± 345.96* | 29.0 ± 51.14* | 24.5 ± 18.3 | 24.5 ± 65.43 | 0.1035 | 1.79% | |
| D-dimer, mg/L | adm | 0.4 [0.2–0.6] | 0.3 ± 1.59 | 0.4 ± 0.51 | 0.4 ± 2.5 | 0.3 ± 0.44 | 0.4 ± 0.35 | 0.6844 | 15.36% |
| peak | 0.4 [0.3–0.7] | 0.4 ± 4.65 | 0.4 ± 2.06 | 0.4 ± 4.15 | 0.35 ± 2.31 | 0.6 ± 0.34 | 0.4907 | 15.36% | |
| APTT, s | adm | 37.4 [35.0–41.0] | 37.55 ± 10.97 | 37.0 ± 12.06 | 39.3 ± 4.96* | 37.0 ± 4.96 | 35.5 ± 3.81 | <0.0373 | 13.04% |
| peak | 38.0 [35.15–42.35] | 38.0 ± 22.65 | 37.6 ± 13.07 | 40.8 ± 25.56* | 37.0 ± 5.2 | 36.5 ± 5.04 | <0.0116 | 13.04% | |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | adm | 76.1 [67.0–89.0] | 79.8 ± 37.3* | 75.3 ± 28.23 | 70.0 ± 31.39* | 82.0 ± 17.44 | 68.5 ± 42.64 | 0.0023 | 1.07% |
| peak | 78.0 [67.78–91.0] | 80.8 ± 57.55* | 76.0 ± 31.03 | 70.0 ± 47.76* | 83.5 ± 17.86 | 68.5 ± 42.64 | 0.0009 | 1.07% | |
| CK, U/L | adm | 106.0 [66.0–173.0] | 119.5 ± 947.62* | 84.0 ± 230.14* | 117.0 ± 535.75 | 88.5 ± 102.47 | 105.5 ± 54.77 | <0.0005 | 22.5% |
| peak | 109.5 [66–199] | 127.0 ± 988.14* | 86.0 ± 243.77* | 122.5 ± 10275.55 | 88.5 ± 136.52 | 105.5 ± 96.62 | <0.0005 | 22.32% | |
| CRP, mg/L | adm | 5.8 [1.75–27.0] | 5.3 ± 64.11 | 5.9 ± 50.07 | 6.85 ± 68.44 | 5.35 ± 59.98 | 6.3 ± 43.76 | 0.8459 | 0.89% |
| peak | 6.5 [1.9–50.65] | 5.9 ± 86.33 | 7.95 ± 64.16 | 8.3 ± 83.66 | 5.75 ± 67.84 | 6.3 ± 93.69 | 0.8856 | 0.89% | |
| LDH, U/L | adm | 192.0 [159.0–264.0] | 195.0 ± 182.27* | 181.0 ± 86.08* | 235.0 ± 200.88* | 175.0 ± 70.41 | 167.5 ± 123.58 | <0.0001 | 16.96% |
| peak | 194.0 [160.0–280.0] | 195.0 ± 626.18 | 183.0 ± 647.29* | 238.0 ± 239.95* | 175.0 ± 89.53 | 167.5 ± 125.35 | <0.0001 | 16.96% | |
| Troponin, ng/mL | adm | 0.0 [0.0–0.0] | 0.0 ± 0.83 | 0.0 ± 0.01 | 0.0 ± 0.01 | 0.0 ± 0.03 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.5822 | 24.11% |
| peak | 0.0 [0.0–0.0] | 0.0 ± 1.17* | 0.0 ± 0.07 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.03 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.2089 | 24.11% | |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | adm | 216.7 [84.5–475.5] | 216.7 ± 1499.98 | 191.9 ± 535.61* | 286.0 ± 1604.47 | 261.0 ± 524.67 | 289.0 ± 1231.74 | 0.0743 | 9.46% |
| peak | 230.0 [89.95–595.5] | 230.0 ± 5730.89 | 205.0 ± 2834.62* | 469.0 ± 3214.62 | 261.0 ± 590.38 | 321.6 ± 1219.98 | 0.0931 | 9.46% | |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dL | adm | 396.0 [330.0–529.5] | 390.0 ± 255.83 | 384.0 ± 146.48 | 439.0 ± 154.57* | 395.0 ± 163.35 | 393.0 ± 160.1 | 0.1837 | 27.32% |
| peak | 405.0 [331.2–554.0] | 395.0 ± 499.63 | 386.5 ± 168.25 | 459.5 ± 159.54* | 404.0 ± 185.15 | 445.5 ± 183.97 | 0.0608 | 27.32% | |
| Clinical severity | <0.0005 | ||||||||
| Asymptomatic/Mild | 343 (61.25%) | 160 (65.84%) | 96 (64.86%) | 44 (45.83%)* | 35 (59.32%) | 8 (57.14%) | |||
| Moderate/Severe | 171 (30.54%) | 54 (22.22%)* | 45 (30.41%) | 43 (44.79%)* | 23 (38.98%) | 6 (42.86%) | |||
| Critical | 46 (8.21%) | 29 (11.93%)* | 7 (4.73%) | 9 (9.38%) | 1 (1.69%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Outcome | |||||||||
| Put on oxygen therapy | 112 (20.0%) | 50 (20.49%) | 27 (18.24%) | 24 (25.53%) | 8 (13.33%) | 3 (21.43%) | 0.4331 | ||
| Transferred to ICU | 72 (12.86%) | 38 (15.57%) | 12 (8.11%)* | 15 (15.96%) | 7 (11.67%) | 0.1102 | |||
| Discharged alive | 545 (97.32%) | 234 (95.9%) | 143 (96.62%) | 94 (100.0%) | 60 (100.0%) | 14 (100.0%) | 0.1475 | ||
| Complications | count | 0.0 [0.0-0.0] | 0.0 ± 1.71 | 0.0 ± 0.97 | 0.0 ± 1.41 | 0.0 ± 0.64 | 0.0 ± 0.45 | 0.3597 | |
| Having any complication | 123 (21.96%) | 56 (22.95%) | 25 (16.89%) | 25 (26.6%) | 13 (21.67%) | 4 (28.57%) | 0.4202 | ||
| ARDS | 76 (13.57%) | 39 (15.98%) | 13 (8.78%) | 17 (18.09%) | 7 (11.67%) | 0.0873 | |||
| Liver dysfunction | 54 (9.64%) | 25 (10.25%) | 9 (6.08%) | 16 (17.02%)* | 2 (3.33%) | 2 (14.29%) | 0.0242 | ||
*Statistical data are expressed as IQR, Median ± SD, or absolute number of cases and their percentage in studied sample.
If distribution of variable differs significantly (p < 0.05) in ethnic cohort plotted against all other ones, its value is marked in bold and with asterisk.
Disparities in distribution of data across five ethnic groups are presented with p-values in separate column. p-value is marked in bold if difference between all ethnic groups is statistically significant (p < 0.05).