TABLE 1.
Topics | Categories | Indicators | |
Emotional experience during the conflict | Teacher emotions | Positive emotions (e.g., happiness, enthusiasm, interest……) Positive arousal emotions (e.g., enjoyment, pride) Negative emotions (e.g., disappointment, frustration, guilt) Negative arousal emotions (e.g., anger, anxiety) Deactivation emotions (e.g., boredom, sadness, despair) | |
Attitudes | Open, flexible, empathetic (i.e., leaner-centered classrooms). Closed, rigid attitudes centered on self-interest (i.e., academically focused classrooms) | ||
Behavior in the face of conflict (Coping strategy) | Active orientation | Domination | Use of position of power, verbal domination, perseverance; making confrontational statements (e.g., overt rejection; involves the administration, aggressive questions, humiliates, …) |
Collaboration | Open communication to explore the disagreement, identify underlying concerns and look for alternatives to satisfy each party’s interests (e.g., clarifies the situations by listening to a student, asking additional questions…). | ||
Compromise | Reasoning and discussing issues and problems with the student and/or the whole class in order to explore new possible solutions and ways to deal with the perceived relational difficulties (e.g., tell a student that you will talk to him after class …). | ||
Passive Orientation | Avoidance | Denying the existence of conflict, avoiding it or avoiding certain issues; making non-committal and/or irrelevant statements, etc. (e.g., make a joke, take no comment, do not speak on the subject …). | |
Obliging | Acting kindly or altruistically, meeting the other person’s demands despite preferring not to do it (e.g., apologies, make a compromise, propose compensation…) |
Source: own construction based on the literature review (Rahim, 1983; Ellis and McClintock, 1993; Lyubomirsky et al., 2005; Morris-Rothschild and Brassard, 2006; Pekrun, 2006; Clunies-Ross et al., 2008; Evertson and Poole, 2008; Sutton et al., 2009; Costas et al., 2010; Cubukcu, 2013; Montes et al., 2014; Doǧan, 2016; Ciuladiene and Kairiene, 2017; Claessens et al., 2017; Chang and Taxer, 2020).