Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of CKD participants according to daily SSB intake
| Characteristics | 0 serving | >0 to <1 serving | 1 to <2 servings | ≥2 servings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants, n | 1320 (33.0) | 1285 (32.2) | 777 (19.4) | 614 (15.4) |
| Age, years | 69.0 (57.0, 78.0) | 72.0 (60.0, 80.0) | 64.0 (49.0, 76.0) | 49.0 (35.0, 64.0) |
| Male (%) | 598 (45.3) | 537 (41.8) | 375 (48.3) | 326 (53.1) |
| Self-reported race/ethnicity (%) | ||||
| Mexican American | 180 (13.6) | 151 (11.8) | 133 (17.1) | 106 (17.3) |
| Others | 148 (11.2) | 142 (11.1) | 85 (10.9) | 66 (10.7) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 797 (60.4) | 736 (57.3) | 331 (42.6) | 239 (28.9) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 195 (14.8) | 256 (19.9) | 228 (29.3) | 203 (33.1) |
| Married (%) | 702 (53.2) | 662 (51.5) | 390 (50.2) | 294 (47.9) |
| Education (%) | ||||
| Less than high school | 410 (31.1) | 397 (30.9) | 257 (33.1) | 211 (34.4) |
| High school graduates or equivalent | 303 (23.0) | 342 (26.6) | 176 (22.7) | 169 (27.5) |
| Some college or above | 607 (46.0) | 546 (42.5) | 344 (44.3) | 234 (38.1) |
| Family PIR level (%) | ||||
| ≥4 | 346 (26.2) | 295 (23.0) | 156 (20.1) | 93 (15.1) |
| >1 to <4 | 735 (55.7) | 772 (60.1) | 463 (59.6) | 366 (59.6) |
| ≤1 | 239 (18.1) | 218 (17.0) | 158 (20.3) | 155 (25.2) |
| Alcohol drinking (%) | ||||
| Non-drinkers | 485 (36.7) | 484 (37.7) | 269 (34.6) | 183 (29.8) |
| Moderate drinkers | 507 (38.4) | 542 (42.2) | 281 (36.2) | 201 (32.7) |
| Binge drinkers | 224 (17.0) | 196 (15.3) | 138 (17.8) | 115 (18.7) |
| Heavy drinkers | 104 (7.9) | 63 (4.9) | 89 (11.5) | 115 (18.7) |
| Cigarette smoking (%) | ||||
| Never smoking | 659 (49.9) | 714 (55.6) | 423 (54.4) | 288 (46.9) |
| Former smoking | 458 (34.7) | 420 (32.7) | 204 (26.3) | 133 (21.7) |
| Current smoking | 203 (15.4) | 151 (11.8) | 150 (19.3) | 193 (31.4) |
| >10 min of vigorous/moderate recreational activity per week (%) | 110 (8.3) | 92 (7.2) | 83 (10.7) | 78 (12.7) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.4 (24.8, 33.5) | 28.3 (24.8, 32.6) | 28.5 (25.1, 32.6) | 28.8 (24.7, 34.7) |
| Total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio ≥5.9 (%) | 115 (8.7) | 118 (9.2) | 88 (11.3) | 95 (15.5) |
| Prevalent hypertension (%) | 982 (74.4) | 941 (73.2) | 534 (68.7) | 353 (57.5) |
| Prevalent diabetes (%) | 463 (35.1) | 350 (27.2) | 152 (19.6) | 104 (16.9) |
| History of CVD (%) | 354 (26.8) | 369 (28.7) | 180 (23.2) | 95 (15.5) |
| History of cancer (%) | 224 (17.0) | 261 (20.3) | 109 (14.0) | 58 (9.4) |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 60.3 (49.9, 90.0) | 57.8 (47.9, 85.7) | 67.1 (50.3, 98.5) | 88.8 (57.4, 112.5) |
| ACR, mg/g | 42.6 (14.7, 100.1) | 39.6 (11.8, 89.8) | 43.9 (18.2, 94.9) | 53.6 (33.3, 124.6) |
| CKD stage (%) | ||||
| 1 | 316 (23.9) | 276 (21.5) | 258 (33.2) | 303 (49.3) |
| 2 | 349 (26.4) | 306 (23.8) | 162 (20.8) | 126 (20.5) |
| 3 | 605 (45.8) | 635 (49.4) | 310 (39.9) | 161 (26.2) |
| 4 | 50 (3.8) | 68 (5.3) | 47 (6.0) | 24 (3.9) |
| Dietary acid load, mEq/day | 7.3 (−3.8, 19.1) | 5.0 (−5.2, 16.1) | 7.9 (−3.6, 20.3) | 15.9 (0.5, 30.4) |
| Daily intake | ||||
| Energy intake, kcal/day | 1549.5 (1155.3, 2007.4) | 1609.0 (1259.3, 2058.5) | 1747.0 (1361.0, 22 213.5) | 2283.3 (1820.0, 2930.3) |
| Dietary sodium intake, mg/day | 2570.0 (1841.0, 3676.5) | 2645.0 (1825.5, 3533.5) | 2666.0 (1904.0, 3655.5) | 3284.7 (2389.8, 4565.75) |
| Total fat intake, g/day | 57.0 (38.3, 84.4) | 58.4 (39.3, 82.8) | 63.0 (42.5, 87.7) | 78.5 (54.7, 110.1) |
| Fresh fruit, servings/day | 0.5 (0.0, 1.4) | 0.9 (0.1, 1.7) | 0.8 (0.0, 1.6) | 0.4 (0.0, 1.6) |
| Vegetables, servings/day | 1.2 (0.5, 2.1) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.0) | 1.1 (0.5, 1.9) | 0.4 (0.0, 1.6) |
| Red and processed meat, g/day | 97.4 (47.6, 159.7) | 91.0 (50.2, 149.7) | 97.2 (51.6, 165.5) | 128.9 (70.7, 212.4) |
| Whole grains, g/day | 11.8 (0.0, 36.9) | 11.3 (0.0, 36.3) | 2.8 (0.0, 27.8) | 0.0 (0.0, 14.9) |
All analyses involved complex sampling designs. Categorical variables were given as number (percentage), and continuous variables as median with interquartile range due to their skewed distributions.