Table 1.
Univariate analysis of patients with and without AKI-2/3 in presence and absence of COVID-19
| Variables | COVID-19 Negative (N=1961) | COVID-19 Positive (N=1338) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No AKI-2/3 | AKI-2/3 | No AKI-2/3 | AKI-2/3 | |||
| (N=1789) | (N=172) | P Value | (N=1083) | (N=255) | P Value | |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Sex, n (%) | ||||||
| Men | 996 (55.67) | 92 (53.49) | 601 (55.49) | 161 (63.14) | ||
| Women | 793 (44.33) | 80 (46.51) | 0.5819 | 482 (44.51) | 94 (36.86) | 0.0269a |
| Race, n (%) | ||||||
| White | 1476 (82.5) | 152 (88.37) | 632 (58.36) | 148 (58.04) | ||
| Non-White | 313 (17.5) | 20 (11.63) | 0.0522 | 451 (41.64) | 107 (41.96) | 0.9264 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic | 1708 (95.47) | 169 (98.26) | 875 (80.79) | 219 (85.88) | ||
| Hispanic | 81 (4.53) | 3 (1.74) | 0.0976 | 208 (19.21) | 36 (14.12) | 0.0594 |
| Age, yr, mean (SD) | 63.25 (19.42) | 66.92 (17.25) | 0.0173a | 60.87 (18.26) | 65.76 (15.48) | 1.00E-04a |
| Comorbid conditions, n (%) | ||||||
| DM | 440 (24.59) | 57 (33.14) | 0.0144a | 292 (26.96) | 112 (43.92) | 0a |
| HF | 343 (19.17) | 49 (28.49) | 0.0038a | 150 (13.85) | 51 (20) | 0.014a |
| CKD | 256 (14.31) | 38 (22.09) | 0.0068a | 124 (11.45) | 61 (23.92) | 0a |
| COPD | 259 (14.48) | 34 (19.77) | 0.0644 | 112 (10.34) | 38 (14.9) | 0.0389a |
| HTN | 858 (47.96) | 79 (45.93) | 0.6109 | 448 (41.37) | 123 (48.24) | 0.0464a |
| CAD | 483 (27) | 47 (27.33) | 0.9265 | 191 (17.64) | 57 (22.35) | 0.0819 |
| Cancer | 294 (16.43) | 32 (18.6) | 0.4655 | 74 (6.83) | 24 (9.41) | 0.1568 |
| Asthma | 109 (6.09) | 11 (6.4) | 0.8744 | 81 (7.48) | 16 (6.27) | 0.505 |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 29.41 (9.82) | 29.58 (16.1) | 0.8382 | 29.68 (9.63) | 29.57 (7.34) | 0.8784 |
| Severity of illness | ||||||
| Length of hospital stay, mean (SD), d | 6.33 (5.16) | 13.52 (10.17) | 0a | 8.98 (6.61) | 21.23 (15.48) | 0a |
| ICU admission, n (%) | 275 (15.37) | 72 (41.86) | 0a | 129 (11.91) | 163 (63.92) | 0a |
| Length of ICU stay, mean (SD), d | 7.77 (14.43) | 15.74 (21.66) | 9.00E-04a | 10.77 (15.91) | 17.6 (15.68) | 7.00E-04a |
| MV, n (%) | 146 (8.16) | 24 (13.95) | 0.0109a | 87 (8.03) | 72 (28.24) | 0a |
| MV days, mean (SD) | 4.03 (3.58) | 13.32 (12.5) | 0a | 8.58 (5.62) | 17.94 (12.54) | 0a |
| ARD, n (%) | 296 (16.55) | 61 (35.47) | 0a | 723 (66.76) | 221 (86.67) | 0a |
| ARDS, n (%) | 2 (0.11) | 4 (2.33) | 4.00E-04a | 99 (9.14) | 103 (40.39) | 0a |
| Vasopressor, n (%) | 232 (12.97) | 37 (21.51) | 0.0021a | 23 (2.12) | 18 (7.06) | 1.00E-04a |
| Sepsis, n (%) | 163 (9.11) | 59 (34.3) | 0a | 257 (23.73) | 161 (63.14) | 0a |
| Medications, n (%) | ||||||
| ACEI | 285 (15.93) | 42 (24.42) | 0.0047a | 153 (14.13) | 75 (29.41) | 0a |
| ARB | 321 (17.94) | 19 (11.05) | 0.0241a | 177 (16.34) | 52 (20.39) | 0.1233 |
| AC | 1488 (83.17) | 110 (63.95) | 0a | 1018 (94) | 171 (67.06) | 0a |
| NSAIDs | 644 (36) | 65 (37.79) | 0.6402 | 260 (24.01) | 91 (35.69) | 2.00E-04a |
| Remdesivir | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 12 (1.11) | 8 (3.14) | 0.0215a |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 56 (3.13) | 9 (5.23) | 0.1458 | 714 (65.93) | 203 (79.61) | 0a |
| Tocilizumab | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | 84 (7.76) | 58 (22.75) | 0a |
| Azithromycin | 227 (12.69) | 29 (16.86) | 0.1224 | 502 (46.35) | 150 (58.82) | 4.00E-04a |
| Vitals, mean (SD) | ||||||
| SBP, mm Hg | 132.77 (28.24) | 135.05 (33.22) | 0.3215 | 132.88 (27.65) | 136.85 (30.56) | 0.0439a |
| Oral temperature, °C | 37.12 (0.73) | 36.99 (0.59) | 0.0324a | 37.14 (0.75) | 37.11 (0.77) | 0.518 |
| Respiratory measures, mean (SD) | ||||||
| FIO2 | 57.91 (24.58) | 64.65 (27.52) | 0.0924 | 57.55 (26.5) | 67.76 (26.45) | 8.00E-04a |
| Renal labs, mean (SD) | ||||||
| BUN, mg/dl | 22.79 (20.02) | 27.15 (20.48) | 0.0074a | 20.94 (17.85) | 24.21 (17.07) | 0.0101a |
| K, mmol/L | 4.19 (0.62) | 4.27 (0.73) | 0.1052 | 4.15 (0.58) | 4.25 (0.65) | 0.0181a |
| HCO3, mmol/L | 23.74 (4.15) | 23.38 (4.46) | 0.2822 | 24.03 (3.86) | 23.28 (4.83) | 0.0078a |
| iCa, mg/dl | 4.54 (0.57) | 4.4 (0.55) | 0.1994 | 4.58 (0.47) | 4.41 (0.48) | 0.0259a |
| Phos, mg/dl | 3.39 (1.12) | 3.63 (1.46) | 0.0132a | 3.28 (1.06) | 3.56 (1.45) | 0.0014a |
| Inflammatory labs, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Ferritin, ng/ml | 775.34 (1194.39) | 1211.87 (2730.12) | 0.0089a | 783.02 (1183.33) | 1067.04 (1650.39) | 0.0148a |
| Serum albumin, g/dl | 3.85 (0.59) | 3.79 (0.57) | 0.1963 | 3.83 (0.59) | 3.74 (0.65) | 0.035a |
| CRP, mg/dl | 8.56 (9.23) | 6.84 (7.71) | 0.0664 | 8.55 (9.08) | 10.16 (10.41) | 0.0406a |
| Other labs, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Hb, g/dl | 12.96 (2.34) | 12.39 (2.9) | 0.0029a | 13.04 (2.28) | 12.72 (2.67) | 0.0557a |
| Lactate, mmol/L | 2 (1.95) | 2.39 (2.58) | 0.0523 | 1.9 (1.69) | 2.59 (3.3) | 3.00E-04a |
| INR | 1.31 (0.8) | 1.26 (0.5) | 0.3936 | 1.27 (0.62) | 1.4 (1) | 0.0204a |
| LDH, IU/L | 328.4 (254.43) | 468.22 (450.42) | 0.0346a | 285.12 (138.86) | 283.61 (116.62) | 0.9487 |
| Death, n (%) | 99 (5.53) | 20 (11.63) | 0.0018a | 87 (8.03) | 61 (23.92) | 0a |
Categorical variables presented as a count with associated percentage; continuous variables presented as value with SD. P values <0.0001 are labeled as 0. All variables were included until the “Severity of illness” section; for the rest, only significant variables were kept for simplicity. AKI-2/3, AKI Stages 2 and 3; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; DM, diabetes mellitus; HF, heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HTN, hypertension; CAD, coronary artery disease; BMI, body mass index; ICU, intensive care unit; MV, mechanical ventilation; ARD, acute respiratory disease; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; AC, anticoagulation; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; SBP, systolic blood pressure; FIO2, fraction of inspired oxygen; K, potassium; HCO3, bicarbonate; iCa, ionized calcium; Phos, phosphorus; CRP, C-reactive protein; Hb, hemoglobin; INR, International Normalized Ratio; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase.
P values <0.05 were considered significant.