Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of all patients, and stratified by patients with and without depressive symptoms
| All patients | No depressive symptoms | Depressive symptoms | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 1326) | (N = 811; 61%) | (N = 515; 39%) | P-value | |
| Demographic data | ||||
| Male sex, N (%) | 883 (66.6) | 588 (72.5) | 295 (57.3) | <0.001 |
| Age | 75.74 ± 6.72 | 75.60 ± 6.64 | 75.97 ± 6.84 | 0.339 |
| Country, N (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Germany | 138 (10.4) | 85 (10.5) | 53 (10.3) | |
| Italy | 311 (23.5) | 140 (17.3) | 171 (33.2) | |
| The Netherlands | 201 (15.2) | 133 (16.4) | 68 (13.2) | |
| Poland | 51 (3.8) | 30 (3.7) | 21 (4.1) | |
| Sweden | 292 (22.0) | 212 (26.1) | 80 (15.5) | |
| UK | 333 (25.1) | 211 (26.0) | 122 (23.7) | |
| Ethnicity, N (%)a,b | 0.204 | |||
| White | 1282 (96.7) | 787 (97.0) | 495 (96.1) | |
| Black | 12 (0.9) | 4 (0.5) | 8 (1.6) | |
| Asian | 10 (0.8) | 7 (0.9) | 3 (0.6) | |
| Mixed | 4 (0.3) | 3 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | |
| Level of education, N (%)a,c | <0.001 | |||
| No education | 28 (2.1) | 7 (0.9) | 21 (4.1) | |
| Low education | 363 (27.4) | 190 (23.4) | 173 (33.6) | |
| Intermediate education | 660 (49.8) | 432 (53.3) | 228 (44.3) | |
| High education | 181 (13.7) | 129 (15.9) | 52 (10.1) | |
| Marital status, N (%)a | 0.080 | |||
| Married or living with partner | 834 (62.9) | 533 (65.7) | 301 (58.4) | |
| Divorced or separated | 92 (6.9) | 53 (6.5) | 39 (7.6) | |
| Widowed or partner has died | 313 (23.6) | 175 (21.6) | 138 (26.8) | |
| Never married/lived with partner | 51 (3.8) | 31 (3.8) | 20 (3.9) | |
| Smoking status, N (%)a,d | 853 (64.3) | 550 (67.8) | 303 (58.8) | 0.004 |
| Clinical data | ||||
| Primary kidney disease, N (%)a,e | <0.001 | |||
| Glomerular disease | 125 (9.4) | 94 (11.6) | 31 (6.0) | |
| Diabetes | 266 (20.1) | 148 (18.2) | 118 (22.9) | |
| Hypertension | 472 (35.6) | 310 (38.2) | 162 (31.5) | |
| Other causes of kidney failuref | 244 (18.4) | 140 (17.3) | 104 (20.2) | |
| Comorbidity, N (%) | ||||
| Diabetes mellitusa | 535 (40.3) | 306 (37.7) | 229 (44.5) | 0.013 |
| Cerebrovascular diseasea.g | 195 (14.7) | 120 (14.8) | 75 (14.6) | 0.599 |
| Cardiac diseasea,h | 582 (43.9) | 340 (41.9) | 242 (47.0) | 0.951 |
| Peripheral vascular diseasea | 218 (16.4) | 123 (15.2) | 95 (18.4) | 0.093 |
| Malignancya,i | 275 (20.7) | 163 (20.1) | 112 (21.7) | 0.394 |
| Lung diseasea,j | 202 (15.2) | 112 (13.8) | 90 (17.5) | 0.067 |
| BMI, kg/m2 a | 28.26 ± 5.32 | 28.09 ± 4.87 | 28.54 ± 5.96 | 0.148 |
| Nutritional status (SGA score)a,k | ||||
| Severely malnourished (1–2) | 10 (0.8) | 3 (0.4) | 7 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Moderately malnourished (3–5) | 328 (24.7) | 169 (20.8) | 159 (30.9) | |
| Normal nutritional status (6–7) | 851 (64.2) | 564 (69.5) | 287 (55.7) | |
| CCIa,l | 7.12 ± 1.86 | 6.99 ± 1.80 | 7.32 ± 1.95 | 0.002 |
| eGFR (1.73 mL/min/m2)a,m | 18.80 ± 5.44 | 18.95 ± 5.21 | 18.58 ± 5.78 | 0.231 |
| Plasma albumin level (g/L)a | 37.76 ± 5.71 | 37.84 ± 5.65 | 37.64 ± 5.81 | 0.558 |
| Plasma urea level (mmol/L)a | 19.15 (15.40–24.1) | 18.90 (15.31–23.80) | 19.72 (15.47–24.61) | 0.093 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)a | 142 ± 21.9 | 144 ± 21.9 | 140 ± 21.7 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)a | 74 ± 11.3 | 75 ± 11.6 | 73 ± 10.7 | 0.001 |
| Heart rate (beats/min)a | 71 ± 12.6 | 71 ± 13.2 | 71 ± 11.5 | 0.786 |
| Plasma creatinine level (μmol/L)a | 127 ± 94.8 | 137 ± 89.3 | 127 ± 103.0 | 0.844 |
| Use of ACE inhibitors, N (%)n | 262 (19.8) | 185 (22.8) | 77 (15.0) | <0.001 |
| Psychological/psychiatric data | ||||
| Psychiatric history, N (%)a | 97 (7.3) | 35 (4.3) | 62 (12.0) | <0.001 |
| Depression | 58 (4.4) | 17 (2.1) | 41 (8.0) | |
| Dementia | 15 (1.1) | 7 (0.9) | 8 (1.6) | |
| Use of antidepressantsn | 79 (7.7) | 29 (4.8) | 50 (11.5) | <0.001 |
| Mental health scoreo | 80 (60–92) | 88 (80–92) | 56 (46–64) | <0.001 |
Continuous variables are displayed as means ± standard deviation for normally distributed variables, and as median (boundaries of interquartile range) for skewed variables. Dichotomous and categorical variables are displayed as number (percentage). ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme.
aComplete data available with the exception of the following variables: ethnicity 1308 (98.6%), level of education 1232 (92.9%), marital status 1290 (97.3%), smoking status 1289 (97.2%), PKD 1107 (83.5%), diabetes mellitus 1297 (97.8%), cerebrovascular disease 1283 (96.8%), cardiac disease 1187 (89.5%), peripheral vascular disease 1269 (95.7%), malignancy 1275 (96.2%), lung disease 1276 (96.2%), BMI 1230 (92.8%), nutritional status 1189 (89.7%), CCI 1290 (97.3%), eGFR 1303 (98.3%), plasma albumin level 1183 (89.2%), plasma urea level 1267 (95.6%), systolic blood pressure 1291 (97.4%), diastolic blood pressure 1291 (97.4%), heart rate 1166 (87.9%), plasma creatinine level 1303 (98.3%) and psychiatric history 1285 (96.9%).
bEthnicity was investigator-assessed.
cLow: primary education only; intermediate: secondary school or vocational education; high: higher professional education, or university education.
dPatient-reported, smoking is defined as: currently smoking or smoked in the past.
ePrimary kidney disease (PKD) was registered by the treating nephrologist, according to the diagnosis codes of the European Renal Association (ERA) [34].
fComprising renal vascular disease, systemic diseases affecting the kidney, familial/hereditary nephropathies and miscellaneous renal disorders.
gComprising ischaemic cerebrovascular accident/transient ischaemic attack and haemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident.
hComprising myocardial infarct, angina pectoris, heart failure and left ventricular hypertrophy.
iAny malignancy, except for basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.
jComprising chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma.
kSubjective global assessment—seven-point scale, subjectively assessing the patient's nutritional status [35]. A higher SGA score indicates a better nutritional status.
lScore summarizing patient's disease status, based on comorbidity and age. A higher CCI score indicates a higher rate of comorbidity, and therefore a worse health status [36].
meGFR—estimated glomerular filtration rate, calculated with the MDRD formula.
nData on use of medication were not available for patients originating from Sweden. Data were available for 1032 patients (77.9%).
oMental health score indicates the score on the MHI-5 questionnaire, with a higher score indicating a better mental health (range 0–100).