Table 2.
Uremic toxin levels, by sex
| Biomarker | Overall (N = 795) | Female (n = 285) | Male (n = 510) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TMAO (ng/mL), median (IQR) | 1538 (972–3014) | 1254 (855–2282) | 1706 (1061–3228) | <0.001 |
| Kynurenine (ng/mL), median (IQR) | 580 (460–719) | 553 (441–700) | 598 (470–736) | 0.014 |
| Hippuric acid (ng/mL), median (IQR) | 2680 (1246–5178) | 2020 (939–4230) | 2884 (1650–5534) | <0.001 |
| PAG (ng/mL), median (IQR) | 3478 (1936–6020) | 2992 (1701–5070) | 3694 (2036–6489) | 0.002 |
| IS (ng/mL), median (IQR) | 3917 (2204–7615) | 3440 (1797–5708) | 4352 (2448–8516) | <0.001 |
| Kynurenic acid (ng/mL), median (IQR) | 50 (41–65) | 45 (37–56) | 54 (43–69) | <0.001 |
| PCG (ng/mL), median (IQR) | 128 (72–271) | 127 (72–246) | 130 (72–285) | 0.65 |
| PCS (ng/mL), median (IQR) | 24 441 (16 196–36 951) | 21 682 (14 386–32 698) | 27 438 (17 106–40 276) | <0.001 |
| IAA (ng/mL), median (IQR) | 451 (320–694) | 406 (297–662) | 477 (338–702) | 0.004 |
| CMPF (ng/mL), median (IQR) | 2451 (870–5090) | 2189 (657–4372) | 2525 (1115–5264) | 0.012 |
| Uric acid (µmol/L), median (IQR) | 443 (375–537) | 434 (360–539) | 446 (381–537) | 0.012 |
| PTH (pmol/L), median (IQR) | 16 (9–24) | 14 (8–21) | 17 (10–27) | 0.003 |
| Urea (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 18 (15–23) | 17 (14–22) | 19 (16–23) | <0.001 |
For the references uremic solutes, please consult the database at https://database.uremic-toxins.org/home.php.