Table 1.

Study and participant characteristics

						Patients included, n	Demographics
Study	Country	Length of follow-up	Study period	Population source			Age (years)	Male (%)	Ethnicity	HD (%)	PD (%)	Study design	Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria	Method of liver disease diagnosis
Artru 2019 [14]	France	2 years	2000–2014	All patients in Nephronor database, Nord Pas du Calais	Regional population	7658	70.5	58.1	Not described	100	0	Cohort study	>18 years, HIV negative, no previous transplant	None described	Histological, clinical or radiological findings
Chien 2012 [16]	Taiwan	7.6 years (PD) 6.9 (HD)	1999–2008	Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database	National population database	12 054	59.5	46.6	Not described	93.7	6.3	Cohort study	>18 years, >90 days on dialysis	Kidney transplant (prior to or during follow up), multiple modality switches	ICD-9 CM codes
Che-Yi 2016 [15]	China	6 years	2004–2013	China Medical University Hospital	Single hospital population	425a	62.5	64.7	Not described	80	20	Cohort study	>3 months on dialysis	Patients receiving HDF	ICD-9 CM codes
b	Taiwan	Up to 15 years	1996–2011	Longitudinal Health Insurance Database for Catastrophic Illness Patients of the Taiwan National Health Research Institute	National population database	1395c	60.3	62.1	Not described	80	20	Cohort study	ESKD with liver cirrhosis	None described
Deshpande 2019 [18]	USA	1 year	2005–2016	5% random sample of USA Medicare beneficiaries receiving inpatient or outpatient care	National population database	291 663	67.3	55	55% White, 32.5% Black, 3.0% Asian, 5.8% Hispanic, 1.4% Native American	100	0	Cohort study	ESKD treated with dialysis with HCV infection/cirrhosis	None described	ICD-9 or ICD-10 CM codes
De Vecchi 2002 [17]	Italy	3.2 years (CLD) 2.8 years (controls)	1985–1999	Nephrology Department, University of Milan	Single hospital population	62d	57.3	67.7	Not described	0	100	Case control study	ESKD treated with PD	None described	Histological, clinical or radiological findings
Espinosa 2001 [19]	Spain	8 years	1992–1999	5 dialysis units, Cordoba	Regional population	175	53.2	53.1	Not described	100	0	Cohort study	Treatment with thrice weekly standard HD	<6 months on HD, HCV negative initially but then developed hepatitis, HbeAg positive	Histological, clinical or radiological findings
Huang 2011 [20]	Taiwan	3.3 years (CLD) 2.6 years (controls)	1984–2008	Department of Nephrology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital	Single hospital population	90e	48.9	43.3	Not described	0	100	Case control study	ESKD treated with PD	None described	Histological, clinical or radiological findings
Kim 2016 [21]	South Korea	2.9 years (CLD) 3.2 years (controls)	2000–2011	Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Korea	Single hospital population	1069	55	56	Not described	69.4	30.6	Cohort study	ESKD treated with dialysis	<18 years, recovery of native kidney function, kidney transplant during follow-up period, incomplete medical records	Clinical or radiological findings
Lee 2017 [22]	South Korea	4.8 years (CLD) 6.4 years (controls)	2007–2014	Dong-A University Hospital, Busan	Single hospital population	295	59.1	59	Not described	0	100	Case control study	>18 years, PD catheter in situ	HD catheter sited prior to treatment with PD	Histological, clinical or radiological findings
Marcelli 1996 [23]	USA	Up to 5 years	1986–1991	US Renal Data System	National population database	2900	59.9	53.7	White only	78.8	21.2	Cohort study	White patients starting dialysis	Patients who died within 30 days of starting RRT	USRDS database
	Italy	Up to 5 years	1986–1991	Lombardi Dialysis and Transplant Registry	Regional population	1296	55.9	62.1	White only	69.3	30.7	Cohort study	White patients starting dialysis	Patients who died within 30 days of starting RRT	RLDT database
Marcus 1992 [24]	USA	2.1 years	1980–1990	Division of Nephrology, University of Michigan	Single hospital population	9e	Not described	Not described	Not described	0	100	Case series	Chronic liver disease and ascites at time of starting PD	None described	Histological, clinical or radiological findings
Mikolasevic 2015 [25]	Croatia	1.5 years	Not specified	Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Rijeka	Single hospital population	94	69.1	54.3	Not described	100	0	Cohort study	Treatment with thrice weekly HD 4–5 h per session	Active HBV/HCV infection, alcohol abuse, other liver diseases, hepatotoxic medications, failed transient elastography, AKI or metastatic cancer, kidney transplant during follow-up period	Transient elastography
Stolic 2016 [26]	Serbia	Cross-sectional study	Not specified	HD patients at Clinical Center Kragujevac	Single hospital population	72	All > 65	56.9	Not described	100	0	Cross-sectional study	>65 years, ESKD treated with HD, previous liver USS imaging	<3 months on HD, hospitalization within last 6 months, infection with hepatotrophic virus, DM, previous HPB surgery, BMI >30, statin/glucocorticoid therapy	USS comparison of echogenicity of right kidney/spleen with liver
Nakayama 2000 [28]	Japan	6 years	1993–1999	16 dialysis centres mostly in Tokyo	Regional population	1470	55.4	60.5	Not described	100	0	Cohort study	ESKD treated with HD	None described	Clinical or radiological findings
Behairy 2021 [27]	Egypt	Cross-sectional study	2018–2019	2 dialysis centres in Egypt	Regional population	50	48.6	60	Not described	100	0	Cross-sectional study	>18 years, thrice weekly HD > 6 months, 4 h per session	HBV/HCV/HIV positive, decompensated or known liver disease, alcohol intake, diabetes mellitus, BMI >30, use of drugs known to induce liver steatosis	Transient elastography

^aA total of 425 patients included in final analyses however prevalence data based on data from 9975 patients prior to propensity matching.

^bWhere data from Chien et al. [16] are also analysed, these data have not been included due to risk of double counting.

^cA total of 1395 patients included in final analyses, however group selected from 5365 patients prior to propensity matching.

^dA total of 41 controls and 21 cirrhotic PD patients included in the final analysis from 381 patients prior to matching.

^eA total of 60 controls and 30 cirrhotic PD patients included in the final analysis from 728 prior to matching.

^fA total of 9 patients included in the final analysis with prevalence data calculated from information about the total number of records reviewed (n = 465).