Table 2.
Primary and secondary outcomes at 24 months
| Control group (n=294) | Intervention group (n=334) | Estimated mean difference (95% CI) | p value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary outcome | |||||
| SPPB total score | 7·59 (2·61) | 8·08 (2·87) | 0·49 (0·06 to 0·92) | 0·014 | |
| Secondary outcomes | |||||
| MVPA, min per day† | 4·50 (6·61; 250) | 5·15 (5·99; 290) | 0·65 (−0·48 to 1·78) | 0·26 | |
| Unbouted MVPA, min per day‡ | 48·76 (19·48; 250) | 51·22 (17·20; 290) | 2·46 (−0·52 to 5·44) | 0·11 | |
| Very low physical activity and sedentary time, min per day§ | 798 (65·80; 249) | 804 (64·04; 287) | 6·43 (−4·81 to 17·67) | 0·26 | |
| Breaks in sedentary time, N per day | 42·33 (13·54; 248) | 40·76 (13·21; 287) | −1·57 (−3·89 to 0·75) | 0·18 | |
| PASE questionnaire score | 113·17 (52·10; 301) | 123·90 (49·79; 328) | 10·73 (2·62 to 18·84) | 0·010 | |
| Mobility Assessment Tool-short form score | 47·96 (8·13; 289) | 49·99 (8·96; 319) | 2·03 (0·66 to 3·40) | 0·0042 | |
| Muscle-Strengthening Exercise Questionnaire score | 3·18 (1·88; 276) | 3·86 (2·30; 307) | 0·68 (0·33 to 1·02) | 0·0006 | |
| Hand-grip strength, kg | 23·43 (4·08; 291) | 23·74 (3·86; 328) | 0·31 (−0·33 to 0·94) | 0·34 | |
| Falls inventory | |||||
| Number of falls in past 6 months | 0·73 (1·05; 300) | 0·70 (1·05; 330) | −0·02 (−0·19 to 0·14) | 0·77 | |
| Fall-related injury in past 6 months | 51 (17·2; 297) | 57 (17·5; 326) | 0·3 (−5·92 to 6·46)¶ | 0·81 | |
| UK Biobank Healthy Minds Questionnaire | |||||
| Simple processing speed, ms | 811·28 (240·15; 264) | 801·67 (246·72; 286) | −9·61 (−52·47 to 33·24) | 0·66 | |
| Fluid intelligence score | 4·03 (1·41; 262) | 4·19 (1·61; 282) | 0·16 (−0·11 to 0·43) | 0·23 | |
| Executive function score | 64 770·62 (38677·48; 210) | 58 515·77 (35648·79; 236) | −6254·85 (−13498·22 to 988·52) | 0·090 | |
| Working memory 1 score | 4·59 (1·29; 263) | 4·46 (1·22; 282) | −0·13 (−0·35 to 0·06) | 0·26 | |
| Working memory 2 score | 14·27 (5·24; 264) | 14·62 (5·15; 285) | 0·36 (−0·56 to 1·28) | 0·44 | |
| Episodic memory score | 5·84 (4·19; 263) | 5·36 (6·85; 286) | −0·48 (−1·49 to 0·53) | 0·35 | |
| Social wellbeing subscale score of Ageing Well Profile | 24·68 (5·85; 295) | 24·88 (7·07; 306) | 0·20 (−0·84 to 1·24) | 0·70 | |
| Sleep Condition Indicator score | 21·97 (6·10; 285) | 22·50 (6·65; 311) | 0·53 (−0·49 to 1·54) | 0·31 | |
| WOMAC score for pain | 10·20 (3·28; 290) | 9·63 (3·95; 324) | −0·57 (−1·15 to 0) | 0·052 | |
| SF-36 | |||||
| Physical component | 29·38 (9·39; 295) | 30·84 (10·04; 306) | 1·46 (−0·09 to 3·01) | 0·065 | |
| Mental component | 54·73 (7·64; 295) | 54·33 (9·18; 306) | −0·40 (−1·78 to 0·98) | 0·56 | |
| EUROQUOL-5 dimensions score | 0·67 (0·16; 302) | 0·69 (0·16; 330) | 0·02 (−0·01 to 0·04) | 0·22 | |
| One-item loneliness scale score | 107 (35·7; 300) | 110 (33·3; 330) | 0·037 (−0·064 to 0·074)¶ | 0·91 | |
Mean (SD) or mean (SD; N), unless otherwise stated.
*
Adjusted for site, exercise group (within the intervention group), age group, sex, and baseline SPPB score.
†
Time spent at >100 mg in at least 10-min bouts.
‡
All time spent at >100 mg.
§
Excluding sleep.
¶
Adjusted estimate and 95% CI for the between group percentage difference.