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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Lab Invest. 2021 Dec 21;102(4):363–375. doi: 10.1038/s41374-021-00697-0

Figure 7. Schematic of SFB immunomodulatory actions on skeletal health.

Figure 7.

SFB colonization of the gut has immunomodulatory actions, which impairs trabecular bone microarchitecture at oral and non-oral skeletal sites. SFB elevates IL17A in the ileum and serum and potentially increases bacterial antigens/ligands in circulation, which have immunoregulatory effects on alveolar bone. Importantly, SFB increased TNF expression in the alveolar bone marrow microenvironment. TNF signaling at osteoblastic cells induced CXCL1 and CCL2 secretion which enhanced osteoclastogenesis. Therefore, commensal gut microbes have the capacity to regulate osteoimmune responses and skeletal homeostasis in alveolar bone.