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. 2022 Mar 30;12:5399. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-09350-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Number of interactions with the stranger rat (A) and empty cage (B) in the three chamber social interaction test; Control: control group; C-VPA: valproic acid treated group; P-VPA: valproic acid and probiotic treated group; ABx: broad-spectrum antibiotics treated group, ABx + probiotic: broad-spectrum antibiotics- and probiotic treated group, probiotic: probiotic treated group. One-way ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis test (*p < 0.05;**p < 0.01). Data graphed as mean ± SEM.