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. 2022 Mar 30;12:5391. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-09436-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Phenotypic assessment of fecal C. albicans isolates reveals strain-level differences. (a) Growth curve of 6 selected C. albicans strains. IBS-H, hypersensitive IBS patients; IBS-N, normosensitive IBS patients; HV, healthy volunteer. Data shown as median and range (n = 3). (b)–(e) Phenotypic assessment of phospholipase, lipase, esterase, and protease activity. Activity is determined by measuring halo size relative to colony size (n = 3–4). (f) Adhesion of yeast strains to HT-29 colon carcinoma monolayers, expressed as percentage of added cells (n = 5). g) Representative photographs of FCS-induced morphogenesis. Magnification 20 × . (h)–(p) Induction of hyphae-formation related genes, virulence factors, and drug-resistance genes upon addition of FCS, expressed as fold induction relative to unstimulated yeast samples. Experiment performed in triplicate, missing values are due to no detection of transcript. Significances tested using Kruskal–Wallis test. Data shown as median and individual datapoints. FCS, fetal calf serum.