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. 2022 Mar 30;12:5391. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-09436-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fecal bacterial microbiome analysis indicates association of α-diversity metrics, composition, and Akkermansia muciniphila with changing sensitivity status. (a), (b) Taxonomic representation of all samples on relative abundance of top 5 phyla (a) or top 15 genera (b). Patients are grouped based on a normalization of sensitivity status (improvers), or unaltered sensitivity status (non-improvers) over the course of six weeks. Each column represents paired samples of one patient at baseline and 6 weeks. (c), (d) Microbial richness described according to α-diversity metrics Observed species, Shannon index, and Faith’s Phylogenetic Diversity (PD). Observed species and Faith’s PD are generally lower for improvers. Results of linear mixed effects model presented in (d). (e) Community analysis by multilevel principle component analysis (p = 0.002, PERMANOVA). Bold symbols represent centroids of each sample group, while light symbols indicate individual samples. (f) Abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila is associated with the change in sensitivity status (p = 0.007, LME).