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. 2022 Mar 17;13:722053. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.722053

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Effects of H1N1 virus infection and exosomes on the polarization and recruitment of peritoneal macrophages. (A) Mouse peritoneal macrophages were infected with a gradient dilution (10-2, 10-3, 10-4) of the H1N1 virus, and total RNA was isolated for the transcriptional analyses of Influenza virus M, iNOS, Arg-1 genes. N = 3, *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01. (B) Schematic diagram of the transwell assay in order to investigate the recruitment of peritoneal macrophages by exosomes. The upper chambers were covered with peritoneal macrophages, and the lower chambers were supplemented with a fresh culture medium (solvent group) or the medium containing exosomes from normal or infected A549 cell’ supernatant (normal or virus groups). (C) Cells in the lower chambers were microscopically observed and counted at 24 h after adding exosomes. Scale bar: 50 μm. (D) Total RNA was isolated from peritoneal macrophages in the upper and lower chambers at 24 h after adding exosomes and employed for transcriptional analysis of iNOS, Tnfα, IL-1β, Arg-1 genes. N ≥3, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001. ns, no significance.