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. 2022 Mar 17;13:813243. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.813243

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Copyright © 2022 Harbour, Stöggl, Schwameder and Finkenzeller.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic showing the difference between upper-thoracic dominant breathing (A,C) vs. “deep” diaphragmatic breathing (B,D). (A) Upper-thoracic breathing elevates and expands the upper ribcage, visible in (C) respiratory inductance plethysmography measurements from our lab showing increased amplitude in thoracic vs. abdominal bands. (B) Deep breathing flattens the diaphragm against the inferior abdominal viscera, expanding the abdominal ribcage via pump- and bucket-handle mechanisms. Adapted from Isometric angle of diaphragm and ribcage by Chest Heart & Stroke Scotland and Stuart Brett, The University of Edinburgh 2018 CC BY-NC-SA; arrows added for emphasis.