Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants assessed in the studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Study authors, year of publication, location | Total | Define of cardiovascular diseases | Confounding factors adjusted for in the analyses | NOS score | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | Participant number | Study type | Follow-up, mean or (range) | Age, range or (mean ±SD) | Gender (female, %) | diagnosis criteria of asthma | Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Ingebri et al. (42), 2020, Denmark | community | 44,177 | prospective | 5.7 | 57.9 ± 11.0 | 61% | Self-reported | DM:2.8% | CHD, HF | Age, gender, family history of CVD, smoking, BMI, HTN, DM, TC levels and physical activity in leisure time | 8 |
| Bellia et al. (44), 2007, Italy | hospital | 1,233 | prospective | 4.8 | >65 | 53% | Doctor diagnosis | CVD:15.7% CBVD:6.0% DM:12.2% | NA | Age, gender, smoking habit, physical and cognitive, mood status, FEV1%, FVC%, FEV1/FVC, BMI, Charlson index of comorbidity, SGRQ, inhaled CS or β2adrenergic drugs | 8 |
| Liss et al. (45), 2000, Canada | hospital | 2,400 | prospective | 8 | 17–65 | 40% | Doctor diagnosis | NA | IHD | Period of birth, time period of accident, sex | 6 |
| Çolak et al. (46), 2015, Denmark | community | 42,489 | prospective | 4.5 | 20-100 | 59% | Self-reported | NA | IHD | NA | 7 |
| Lange et al. (19),1996,Denmark | community | 13,540 | prospective | 17 | >20 | 55% | Self-reported | NA | ICD-8 (390-459) | Age, asthma, smoking habits, inhalation habits, length of school education, chronic mucus hypersecretion | 8 |
| Ali et al. (29), 2013, Denmark | community | 2,150 | prospective | 25.6 | >15 | 60% | Doctor diagnosis | NA | ICD-10 (DI20) | Age, FEV1% | 8 |
| Dantzer et al. (21), 2001, France | community | 2,348 | prospective | 8 | >65 | 59% | Self-reported | NA | NA | Sex, educational level, marital status, cognitive impairment, smoking and a previous history of IHD, infarcts and cardiovascular accident. | 7 |
| Diaz-Guzman et al. (26), 2011, America | community | 15,203 | prospective | 18 | >25 | 53% | Self-reported | NA | NA | Age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking status, education level, BMI, reported respiratory disease and disease stage | 7 |
| Huovinen et al. (20), 1997, Finland | community | 30,249 | prospective | 16 | >18 | 51% | Doctor diagnosis | NA | NA | Age, smoking, social class, pets, dogs, CB, dyspnea, hay fever | 9 |
| Markowe et al. (17), 1987, England and Wales | community | 5,094 | prospective | 8.4 | 25-64 | 55% | Doctor diagnosis | NA | ICD-8 (390-459) | NA | 8 |
| Ulrik and Frederiksen (18), 1995, Denmark | outpatient | 2,150 | prospective | 8.6 | >15 | 60% | Doctor diagnosis | NA | ICD-8(410) | NA | 8 |
| Vandentorren et al. (22), 2003, France | community | 1,4267 | retrospective | 25 | 25-59 | 52% | Self-reported | NA | NA | Age, sex, educational level, smoking habits, occupational exposure, FEV1 | 8 |
| Chung et al. (30), 2014, China | community | 38,840 | prospective | 1-−20 | ≥18 | 54% | Doctor diagnosis | HTN:32.5% DM:11.6% HPL:16.6% Stroke:8.7% HF:2.4% COPD:27.1% | ACS | Age, sex, comorbidities of HTN, DM, HPL, stroke, HF and COPD | 8 |
| Iribarren et al. (23), 2004, America | community | 151,620 | retrospective | 27 | 15-92 | 54% | Doctor diagnosis | HTN:18.5% DM:18.0% | CHD | Age, race/ethnicity, education level, smoking Status, alcohol consumption, BMI, serum TC, white blood cell count, HTN, DM, parental history of CHD, and occupational exposures. | 7 |
| Iribarren et al. (27), 2012, America | community | 407,190 | prospective | 5.2-6.3 | ≥18 | 52% | Doctor diagnosis | HTN:7.2% DM:5.6% HPL:6.1% | CHD | DM, HTN, HPL, BMI, and smoking status, prior history of any allergy | 7 |
| Onufrak et al. (25), 2008, America | community | 14,567 | prospective | 12-14 | 45-64 | 54% | Self-reported | DM:10.9% HTN:33.5% CB:8.4% | CHD | Age, BMI, black race, DM, HTN, education level, LDL-C, HDL-C, physical activity | 8 |
| Schanen et al. (24), 2005, America | community | 1,3797 | prospective | 14 | 45-64 | 57% | Self-reported | HTN:23.0% DM:10.4% | CHD | Age, sex, race/center, HDL-C, LDL-C, systolic blood pressure, HTN medication use, smoking status, pack years, W/H ratio, DM, sport score | 7 |
| Yun et al. (28), 2012, America | community | 7,176 | retrospective | Asthma:2.9-13.2, control:1.9-12 | 15.1 ± 20.5 | 43% | Doctor diagnosis | NA | CHD | Race/ethnicity (white vs. non-white) | 7 |
| Ng, et al. (43), 2020, Australia | school | 4,430 | retrospective | 16 | 11.8 ± 2.9 | 50% | Self-reported | NA | NA | Birth year, age at child survey, and gender | 7 |
| Eftekhari, et a. (33), 2016, Australia | community | 10,413 | prospective | 11.9 | 73-78 | 100% | Self-reported | HTN:33.0%, DM:7.3%, heart disease:13.1%, thrombosis:1.5%, stroke:2.7% | NA | Age, demographic factors, thrombosis, osteoporosis, low iron level, HTN, DM, breast cancer, stroke, other major illness, residential area, social support | 8 |
| Strand, et al. (36), 2018, China | community | 446,346 | prospective | 17 | 40.0 ± 13.5 | 51% | Self-reported | HTN:18.2%, DM:5.0%, heart disease/heart surgery/use of heart drugs:3.6%, stroke:0.5% | CHD, stroke | Age, education, marital status, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, DM, HTN, BMI, TC, TG, history of heart disease/heart surgery/use of heart drugs and history of stroke. | 7 |
| Lemmetyinen et al. (35), 2018, Finland | community | 2,941 | prospective | 15.6 | >30 | 50% | Doctor diagnosis and self-reported | Allergic rhinitis:36.2%, Allergic conjunctivitis:27.6%, Atopic dermatitis:27.6% | ICD-10 (I05-I99) | Age, sex, pack-years, education, and BMI | 8 |
| Cepelis et al. (37), 2019, Norway | community | 57,104 | prospective | 17.2 | >20 | 54% | Self-reported | DM:2.2%, HTN:37.5% | AMI | Age, sex, BMI, smoking status, alcohol use, physical activity, education level, TC/HDL ratio, HTN, DM | 8 |
| Caffrey Osvald et al. (38), 2020, Sweden | community | 277,5430 | retrospective | 13.7 | 1-27 | 49% | Doctor diagnosis | NA | NA | Sex, prematurity, maternal age at delivery, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal country of birth, parental income, parental education | 8 |
| He et al. (40), 2021, America | community | 37,015 | prospective | 7.5 | >20 | 52% | Self-reported | DM:8.8%, CHD:3.3%, stroke:2.7%, cancer:9.3%, arthritis:24.1% | NA | Age, sex, race, education, income, smoking status, BMI, DM, arthritis, CHD, stroke, cancer | 7 |
| Huang et al. (31), 2015, America | community | 1,830 | prospective | 40 | 21-80 | 56% | Doctor diagnosis | NA | NA | Age, sex, education, BMI, smoking status and pack-years | 8 |
| Pollevick et al. (41), 2021, America | community | 3,612 | prospective | 35 | 17-77 | 53% | Doctor diagnosis | DM:2.4% | MI, angina, coronary insufficiency, stroke transient ischemic attack, HF | Age, sex, HDL-C, TC, currently taking anti-HTN medications, systolic blood pressure, DM, currently smoking, obesity, and education | 8 |
| Ng et al. (39), 2021, Australia | school | 2,153 | prospective | 20.2 | 32.4 | 50% | Doctor diagnosis and self-reported | DM:2.5%, history of hay fever:33.0% | ICD-9 (390-459), ICD-10 (I00-99, G45) | Birth year, age at child survey, and gender | 7 |
| Tattersall et al. (34), 2016, America | employees | 1,267 | prospective | 13.9 | 47.3 ± 8.0 | 44% | self-reported | HTN:29.4%, DM:3.0% | coronary death, MI, angina, stroke, coronary revascularization, HF | Age, sex, smoking status, DM, lipid medications, HTN, BMI | 7 |
| Tattersall et al. (32), 2015, America | community | 6,792 | prospective | 9.1 | 62.2 ± 10.3 | 52% | self-reported | DM:12.6% | CHD, stroke, angina | Age, race, sex, TC, HDL-C, systolic blood pressure, smoking, DM, anti-HTN and lipid-lowering medication use at baseline, BMI, family history of CVD, income | 8 |