Figure 2.

Wave-dynamic changes after the virtual PVI-gap and CPVI. (A) The ECGs were obtained at the blue ^* sites in the DF maps. (B) The red arrows indicate gaps in the PVI. (C) The 3D DF maps and ECGs indicate that the CPVI reduced the mean DF, increased the AF cycle lengths, and defragmented the AF, but the PVI-gap did not. However, neither the CPVI nor PVI-gap changed the Smax. DF indicates dominant frequency; Smax, the maximal slope of the restitution curves; PVI-gap, pulmonary vein isolation with gaps; CPVI, complete pulmonary vein isolation; AF, atrial fibrillation; AT, atrial tachycardia; ECG, electrocardiogram.