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. 2022 Mar 17;13:846620. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.846620

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Copyright © 2022 Jin, Hwang, Lim, Kwon, Park, Yu, Kim, Joung, Lee and Pak.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Wave-break at the wavelet exit of the gaps by a source-sink mismatch. (A) The 3D DF map indicates that the extra-PV DFs was greater than the PV-DFs. The activation map and ECG indicate that a regular wavelet turned into a wave-break when moving from the posterior wall of the LA to inside the PV through the gap. (B) The 3D DF map indicates that the inside PV-DF was greater than the extra-PV DF. The activation map and ECG indicate that a regular wavelet turned into a wave-break when moving from inside the PV to the lateral wall of the LA through the gap. DF indicates dominant frequency; PV, pulmonary vein; LA, left atrium; LSPV, left superior pulmonary vein; LIPV, left inferior pulmonary vein; ECG, Electrocardiogram.