Table 3.

The significance of monitoring biomarkers in cancer patients.

	Clinical significance
NPsa	NPs can be used as an early biomarker for cardiac insufficiency caused by conventional chemotherapy. However, there is no clear evidence for the diagnosis of cardiac insufficiency caused by other antitumor therapies.
D-Db	Although a definite diagnosis of VTEd cannot be made, higher serum D-dimer levels in cancer patients may predict an increased risk of mortality due to cancer and coronary heart disease (180). Oikawa (181) recently proposed that D-D can be used as an important parameter to predict cardiac dysfunction in cancer patients, with a cut-off value of 1.65μg/ ml.
cTnc	In patients receiving trastuzumab or high-dose chemotherapy, increased cTn indicates abnormal heart function and poor prognosis.

^aNPs mainly refer to BNP and NT-proBNP in the monitoring indicators of cardiac insufficiency, where BNP > 100 pg/ml indicates cardiac insufficiency, and NT-proBNP <125 ng/L can be used as an exclusion criterion;

^bD-D, D-dimer;

^ccTn, cardiac troponin;

^dVTE, Venous thromboembolism.