Table 3.

Effects of antibiotics on gut microbiota composition (based on culture-independent approaches)

Ref.	Method	Antibiotic	Dosing regimen	Diversity	Compositional changes
Pallav et al[136], 2014	Pyrosequencing	Amoxicillin	250 mg 3 times daily for 7 d	−1,2	↑ Escherichia, Shigella
Kabbani et al[137], 2017	16S rRNA	Amoxicillin-Clavulanate	875/125 mg twice daily for 7 d	↓1,3	↑ Escherichia, Parabacteroides, Enterobacter ↓ Roseburia
Burdet et al[120], 2019	16S rRNA	Ceftriaxone	1 g once daily for 3 d	↓1,4	↓ Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes
Raymond et al[135], 2016	Shotgun sequencing	Cefprozil	500 mg twice daily for 7 d	↓5	↑Flavonifractor, Lachnoclostridium, Parabacteroides, ↓Bifidobacteriaceae, Coriobacteriaceae, Eubacteriaceae, Oxalobacteraceae, Pasteurellaceae, Veillonellaceae
Rashid et al[121], 2015	Pyrosequencing	Ciprofloxacin	500 mg twice daily for 10 d	↓1	↑ Bacteroides↓ Faecalibacterium, Alistipes, unculturable Ruminococcaceae
		Clindamycin	150 mg 4 times daily for 10 d	↓1	↓ Roseburia, Lachospira, Coprococcus, Dorea, Ruminococcus
Isaac et al[122], 2017	16S rRNA	Vancomycin	250 mg per os 4 times daily for 2 wk	↓1,4	↑ Escherichia, Shigella, Klebsiella, ↓ Bacteroidetes, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus

¹OTU analysis.

²Rarefaction analysis.

³Chao1 index.

⁴Shannon index.

⁵Simpson index.