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. 2022 Mar 17;9:799053. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.799053

Figure 2.

Figure 2

BD5115 metabolites ameliorate HFD-induced hyperglycemia. (A) Insulin tolerance test results from 19-week-old BD5115 and SM mice (n = 6 biologically independent animals per group, *: P < 0.05). Since each group has data at 5 different time points, we use the two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc test method to compare between SM group and BD5115 group. (B) Fasting blood glucose levels in 19-week-old BD5115 and SM mice at 6 h after fasting (n = 10 biologically independent animals per group, the data are presented as the median with range, n.s.: non-significant, *: P < 0.05, ****: P < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA analysis with Bonferroni post-hoc test. n = 10 for NCD+Saline are also shown). (C) Serum insulin levels in 15-week-old BD5115 and SM mice at 6 h after fasting (n = 10 vs. 10 mice per group, respectively; the data are presented as the median with range, ***: P < 0.001, ***: P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA analysis with Bonferroni post hoc test. N = 10 for NCD+Saline are also shown). Statistical comparison was made between BD5115 group and SM group. (D) HOMA-IR values of 20-week-old mice (n = 10 for biologically independent BD5115 animals vs. n = 10 for SM animals; the data are presented as the median with range, ***: P < 0.001, ***: P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA analysis with Bonferroni post-hoc test. n=10 for NCD+Saline are also shown). (E) Diagram of changes in mouse body weight. The data are presented as the median with range. The x-axis shows the data after the start of intragastric administration of metabolites. We compared the data at 12 different time points of SM group and BD5115 group. (F) Diagram of changes in mouse food intake. The x-axis shows the data after the start of intragastric administration of metabolites. We compared the data at 10 different time points of SM group and BD5115 group. (G) H&E staining of colon tissue. The bar represents 100 μM. (H) Representative electron microscopy images of freshly collected colon tissues from BD5115 and SM mice. The bar represents 5 μm. (I) Changes in the expression of the OCLN were detected by qPCR (n = 5 for biologically independent BD5115 animals vs. n = 5 for SM animals; the data are presented as the Mean ± SEM, *P ≤ 0.05, Student's t-test).