Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the FORCE-ACS validation cohort and the GRACE risk score derivation cohort
| FORCE-ACS validation cohort (n=5015) | GRACE derivation cohort (n=32 037) | |
| Demographic characteristics | ||
| Age (years) | 67 (58–76) | 67 (56–76) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2)* | 26.8 (24.4–29.7) | 27 (24–30) |
| Female sex (%) | 1441 (28.7%) | 33% |
| Current or former smokers (%) | 2931 (58.4%) | 57% |
| Hypertension (%) | 2808 (56.0%) | 64% |
| Hyperlipidaemia (%) | 2851 (56.8%) | 51% |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 1049 (20.9%) | 26% |
| Chronic kidney disease (%)† | 155 (3.1%) | 7.6% |
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 439 (8.8%) | 7.7% |
| Prior stroke or TIA (%) | 459 (9.2%) | 8.5% |
| Prior MI (%) | 1100 (21.9%) | 30% |
| Prior PCI (%) | 1097 (21.9%) | 19% |
| Prior CABG (%) | 453 (9.0%) | 13% |
| Clinical presentation | ||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 73 (62–87) | 76 (65–90) |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 140 (124–157) | 140 (120–160) |
| Serum creatinine (µmol/L) | 81 (69–97) | 90 (80–111) |
| ST-segment deviation (%) | 2756 (55.0%) | 53% |
| ST-elevation | 2176 (43.4%) | 36% |
| ST-depression | 2068 (41.2%) | 32% |
| Abnormal cardiac enzymes (%) | 4718 (94.1%) | 52% |
| Cardiac arrest at admission (%) | 185 (3.7%) | 1.9% |
| Killip class (%) | ||
| I | 4416 (88.1%) | 85% |
| II | 514 (10.2%) | 11% |
| III | 33 (0.7%) | 3.6% |
| IV | 52 (1.0%) | 0.8% |
| Clinical diagnosis (%) | N/A | |
| NSTE-ACS | 2965 (59.1%) | |
| STE-ACS | 2050 (40.9%) | |
| GRACE risk score | ||
| GRACE risk score | 111 (91–131) | N/A |
| GRACE risk category (%) | N/A | |
| Low-risk | 2335 (46.6%) | |
| Intermediate-risk | 1830 (36.5%) | |
| High-risk | 850 (16.9%) | |
Values are presented as median (25th–75th IQR) or number of patients (percentage).
*Body mass index was missing in 178 cases (3.5%).
†Chronic kidney disease was defined as a glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2.
CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; GRACE, Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events; MI, myocardial infarction; NSTE-ACS, non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SBP, systolic blood pressure; STE-ACS, ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.