Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021 Nov 23;23(4):286–301. doi: 10.1038/s41580-021-00430-1

Fig. 2 |. RNA modifications affect the RNA’s secondary structures and interaction with immune sensors.

Fig. 2 |

The canonical nucleosides adenosine, uridine and cytidine can be modified by enzymes that install new chemical groups (shown in red). The RNA modifications can change base-pairing interactions, protein binding and secondary structures, which can prevent the modified RNAs from forming immunogenic structures, such as double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), and evading detection by immune sensors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I and protein kinase R (PKR). ADAR, double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase.