Table 1:
Basic information of study population (N=800): Demographics, exposure, and outcomes.
| Total (N=800) | High SES (N=327) | Low SES (N=473) | P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Maternal factors | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 22.2 ± 4.3 | 22.7 ±4.43 | 21.9 ±4.10 | 0.007 |
| Education level | ||||
| ≤5th grade | 207 (25.9%) | 48 (14.7%) | 159 (33.6%) | <0.001 |
| Body Mass Index (Kg/m2) | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 21.9 ± 3.9 | 22.8 ±4.34 | 21.3 ±3.36 | <0.001 |
| Parity | ||||
| Nulliparous | 316 (39.5%) | 141 (43.1%) | 175 (37.0%) | 0.095 |
| Delivery types | ||||
| Normal | 343 (42.9%) | 101 (30.9%) | 242 (51.2%) | |
| Episiotomy | 104 (13.0%) | 48 (14.7%) | 56 (11.8%) | <0.001 |
| Cesarean | 353 (44.1%) | 178 (54.4%) | 175 (37.0%) | |
| Infant factors | ||||
| Infant sex | ||||
| Male | 419 (52.4%) | 171 (52.3%) | 248 (52.4%) | 0.99 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 38.5 ± 1.9 | 38.4 ±1.95 | 38.6 ±1.81 | 0.207 |
| Birth weight (g) | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 2700 ± 377 | 2740 ±394 | 2670 ±421 | 0.017 |
| Low birth weight | ||||
| Yes | 228 (29.2%) | 83 (25.4%) | 153 (32.3%) | 0.041 |
| Small for Gestational Age (SGA) | ||||
| Yes | 308 (39.4%) | 113 (34.6%) | 203 (42.9%) | 0.021 |
| Preterm Birth | ||||
| Yes | 91 (11.4%) | 39 (11.9%) | 52 (11.0%) | 0.768 |
| Exposures | ||||
| Kitchen location | ||||
| Outdoor | 337 (42.1%) | 114 (34.9%) | 223 (47.1%) | <0.001 |
| Indoor | 463 (57.9%) | 213 (65.1%) | 250 (52.9%) | |
| Cooking fuel type | ||||
| Biomass fuel | 750 (93.8%) | 280 (85.6%) | 470 (99.4%) | <0.001 |
| Clean fuel | 50 (6.2%) | 47 (14.4%) | 3 (0.6%) | |
| Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure | ||||
| Yes | 319 (39.9%) | 108 (33.0%) | 211 (44.6%) | 0.001 |
*
P-value is based on Chi-square tests for categorical variables and t-tests for continuous variables.