Table 1.
Associations between study design variables and urinary tract infection in pregnancy—cross-sectional analysis of the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2011.
| Total number | Reported UTI prevalence (%) | Crude prevalence ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted prevalence ratioa (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Birth defect status | ||||
| Offspring with birth defects | 30,212 | 19 | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) | 1.05 (1.01, 1.10) |
| Offspring without birth defects | 11,657 | 18 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Year of due dateb | ||||
| 2000–2002 | 5,527 | 18 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 2003–2005 | 5,845 | 18 | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) |
| 2006–2008 | 4,793 | 18 | 1.05 (0.97, 1.14) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) |
| 2009–2011 | 4,432 | 18 | 1.03 (0.95, 1.13) | 1.10 (1.01, 1.20) |
| Study site | ||||
| Texas (selected regions) | 4,666 | 26 | 2.51 (2.29, 2.76) | 1.68 (1.52, 1.86) |
| Arkansas (statewide) | 5,505 | 26 | 2.44 (2.23, 2.67) | 1.74 (1.59, 1.91) |
| California (selected regions) | 4,913 | 22 | 2.12 (1.93, 2.33) | 1.43 (1.30, 1.58) |
| North Carolina (selected regions) | 3,306 | 20 | 1.89 (1.70, 2.10) | 1.53 (1.37, 1.70) |
| Utah (statewide) | 4,277 | 16 | 1.53 (1.38, 1.70) | 1.27 (1.14, 1.41) |
| Iowa (statewide) | 4,040 | 15 | 1.47 (1.32, 1.63) | 1.23 (1.11, 1.37) |
| Georgia (selected regions) | 4,620 | 15 | 1.45 (1.31, 1.61) | 1.23 (1.11, 1.37) |
| New York (selected regions) | 3,101 | 15 | 1.45 (1.30, 1.63) | 1.27 (1.14, 1.43) |
| New Jersey (selected regions) | 2,184 | 14 | 1.29 (1.13, 1.47) | 1.13 (0.99, 1.29) |
| Massachusetts (selected regions) | 5,257 | 11 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.00 (Reference) |
CI, confidence interval; UTI, urinary tract infection.
a
Adjusted for birth defect status, study site, age at conception, race/ethnicity, and educational attainment.
b
Restricted to study sites and time periods without changes to study catchment areas: Arkansas, California, Iowa, Massachusetts, and Georgia between 2000 and 2011.