Table 1.

Bacteriophage and antibiotic combination in in vivo studies

In vivo model
Model	Antibiotic	Bacterial strain	Phage	Effect	References
BALB/c mice (intraperitoneally injection)	Gentamicin (0.8 mg/kg)	P. aeruginosa K (PAK) 107 CFU/ml injected intraperitoneally	P. aeruginosa Pf1 (filamentous) 3 × 1010 PFU	Synergy	Hagens et al. [75]
BALB/c mice (intravenous injection—sepsis)	Clindamycin (8 mg/kg)	S. aureus MDRSA 108 CFU/ml injected intravenously	S. aureus (lytic) 108 PFU/ml MOI of 1	Treatment with the phage was more effective than with clindamycin or combination treatment	Oduor et al. [77]
Diabetic BALB/c mice (Hindpaw infection)	Linezolid (25 mg/kg)	S. aureus 43300 (MRSA) 104 CFU/10 µl	S. aureus MR-10 (lytic) 108 PFU/ml MOI of 100	Synergy	Chhibber et al. [78]
A murine air pouch model of infection	Linezolid 2.5 mg/kg	S. aureus ATCC 43300 MRSA 0.1 ml of 105 CFU/ml	S. aureus MR-5 0.1 ml of 106 PFU/ml	Synergy	Kaur and Chhibber [79]
Mice dorsal wound model	Ceftazidime (CAZ) 410 mg/kg of CAZ at 5 µl/g	P. aeruginosa PAO1::lux 1 × 107 CFU	P. aeruginosa phage cocktail PAM2H 25 µl of 1 × 108 PFU	Synergy	Engeman et al. [37]
Osteomyelitis model in rats	Teicoplanin 20 mg/kg/day	S. aureus 0.05 ml of 5 × 105 CFU/ml	S. aureus Sb-1 0.1 ml of 3 × 107 PFU	Synergy	Yilmaz et al. [80]
Osteomyelitis model in rats	Imipenem + Cilastatin 120 mg/kg/day Amikacin 25 mg/kg/day	P. aeruginosa 0.05 ml of 5 × 105 CFU/ml	P. aeruginosa PAT14 0.1 ml of 3 × 107 PFU	Synergy	Yilmaz et al. [80]
Mice with post arthroplasty model of infection	Linezolid 5% w/w mixed with Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) gel as the biopolymer	S. aureus MRSA 43300 10 µl of 106 CFU/ml	S. aureus MR-5 109 PFU/ml mixed with HPMC gel as the biopolymer	Synergy	Kaur et al. [81]
BALB/c mice nasal infection	Mupirocin (5 mg/kg)	S. aureus 43300 (MRSA) 106 CFU/ml	S. aureus MR-10 (lytic) 50 µl of 107 PFU/ml	Synergy	Chhibber et al. [82]
Colibacilosis in chicken	Enrofloxacin (50 ppm for 7 days)	E. coli 0.1 ml of 6 × 105 CFU/ml	E. coli phage cocktail DAF6 and SPR02 109 PFU/ml	Synergy	Huff et al. [83]
Mice with acute pneumonia	Gentamicin 1.5 mg/kg	K. pneumoniae W-KP2 (K47 serotype) 1 × 109 CFU	K. pneumoniae P-KP2 1 × 109 PFU	Synergy	Wang et al. [84]
Neutropenic mouse model of acute lung infection in mice	Ciprofloxacin 0.33 mg/mg	P. aeruginosa FADD1-PAOO1 25 µl of bacteria (approx. 106 cells)	Pseudomonas PEV20 106 PFU/mg	Synergy	Lin et al. [85]
Methicillin-resistant pneumonia in rats	Linezolid 10 mg/kg	S. aureus AW7 1 × 1010 CFU	S. aureus phage cocktail 3 × 1010 PFU	Linezolid and aerophages did not synergize	Prazak et al. [86]
Methicillin-resistant pneumonia in rats	Daptomycin 6 mg/kg	S. aureus AW7 1 × 1010 CFU	S. aureus phage cocktail 2 × 1010 PFU	Simultaneo-us treatment was not more effective than aerophage therapy	Valente et al. [87]

CAZ: ceftazidime; CFU: colony-forming unit; HPMC: Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose; MDRSA: multidrug-resistant S. aureus; MOI: phage multiplicity of infection; MRSA: methicillin-resistant S. aureus; PFU: plaque-forming unit