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. 2022 Mar 31;12:5458. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-09544-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of serum cytokines levels according to COVID-19 disease severity and age. The patients were divided into mild to moderate I (MM) (n = 182) and moderate II to severe (MS) (n = 75) groups based on the COVID-19 severity classification developed by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Data were presented as the median (interquartile range). In the younger population, serum IL-6 level (a) was significantly higher (p < 0.001), and IL-28A/IFN-λ2 level (e) was significantly lower in the MS group than in the MM group (p < 0.001). In the elderly population, serum IL-6 level (a) was significantly higher in the MS group than in the MM group (p < 0.001). IL interleukin, IFN interferon, MM mild to moderate I, MS moderate II to severe.