TABLE 1.

The reviewed studies of gene–environment interactions related to developmental disorders.

Exposure	App, sp	Genetic susceptibilities	Phenotypic outcomes	References
Ethanol	GW, Dr	Mutation in si:dkey-88l16.3	Craniofacial anomalies	Swartz et al. (2020)
Ethanol	CG, Dr	Knockdown or haploinsufficiency of shh	Craniofacial anomalies	Zhang et al. (2011); Everson et al. (2020)
Ethanol	CG, Mm	haploinsufficiency of Shh or Gli2	Craniofacial anomalies	Kietzman et al. (2014)
Ethanol	CG, Mm	Mutation in Cdon	Holoprosencephaly	Hong and Krauss, (2012)
Ethanol	CG, Dr	Haploinsufficiency of vangl2	Craniofacial anomalies	Swartz et al. (2014)
Ethanol	CG, Dr	Mutation in pdgfra	Craniofacial anomalies	Mccarthy et al. (2013)
Abamectin	GW, Dr	Mutation in sox7 promoter	Craniofacial anomalies, pericardial edema, scoliosis	Balik-Meisner et al. (2018)
PBO	CG, Dr	Haploinsufficiency of shh	Craniofacial anomalies	Everson et al. (2020)
PBO	CG, Dr	Haploinsufficiency of Shh	Holoprosencephaly	Everson et al. (2019)
Vismodegib	CG, Mm	Haploinsufficiency of Gli2	Holoprosencephaly	Heyne et al. (2016)
Blebbistatin	CG, Dr	Haploinsufficiency of vangl2	Craniofacial anomalies	Sidik et al. (2021)

PBO, piperonyl butoxide; Ap, Approach; Sp, species; GW, genome-wide approach; CG, candidate gene-based approach; Dr, danio rerio; Mm, mus musculus.